
NEW YORK. 
COLLINS a BROTHER. 



LIBHAHY OF CONGRESS. 

I NITKU SI Al KS or AMKKU A, 



SCOTT'S MAITTTAL OP UNITED RTATEB HISTOET. 



MANUAL OF HISTORY 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES: 

A NEW EDITION, 

Jroug^t bofort to i\^t gibministrHtion of ^nsibntt pages. 

ILLUSTRATED 'WITH MAPS. 

TO WHICH IB A>rKEXED 

THE DECLAEATION OF INDEPENDENCE 

A2n> THB 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH QUESTIONS. 

FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS 

V By DAVID B. SC 



NEW YORK : 

COLLINS & BROTHEK, 

414 BROADWAY. 

\ 



Copyright^ 1878, by David B. Scott. 



PEEFACE. 

In presenting to the public a new edition of the Manual of 
United States History, it does not appear necessary to draw 
attention to the plan on which the work was originally con- 
structed. Its merit has been tested by twenty years' use in 
the schools. 

It is hoped by the publishers that this new and improved 
edition, in which the narrative is continued to the close of 
President Grant's administration, will retain the favor hith- 
erto accorded to the work. 

New York, September 1st, 1878, 

.1- 



HISTORY 



OF 



THE UNITED STATES. 



SECTION 1. 

n&OM THE DI8C0VEKT OF AMERICA IN 1492, TO THB SETTLtMENT 
OF VIEGINIA IN 1607. 

WTien and by whom was America discovered f 

America was discovered in 1492, by ChFwISTO- 
PHER Columbus, a native of Genoa, in Italy. 

What prompted him to the discovery f 

The genius of this great man, fired by the ac- 
counts of the wealth of the East, as given by 
Marco Polo, led him to believe, that by sailing 
v/estward he might discover a passage to the 
Indies. 

Under vhose patronage did he sail f 

After many discouragements at different courts, 
he set sail from Spain under the patronage of Fer- 
dinand and Isabella, king and queen of that coun 
try. 

Where and when did he land f 

Taking a southwesterly course, he landed, Octo- 
ber 12 th, 1492, at one of the Bahama islands, which 
he named St. Salvador. 

Tn vhat year and voyage did he reach the continent f 

U was not till the year 1498, in his third voyage, 

1* 



DISCOVERY. 



that Columbus reached the coast at the mouth of 
the river Orinoco, in South America. 

Was he conscious that he fiad discovered a new world f 

Ignorant of the greatness of his discovery, he 
cave to the new lands the name of the West In- 
dies, and died believing that he had merely reached 
the Eastern shores of Asia, 

What v&yage took place in 1499 f 

Amerigo Vespucci an Italian^ sailed in 1499 
and landed on the coast of Paria in South America, 

What gave the natne to the new continent ? 

He was the first who announced to Europe that 
the newly discovered lands were not a part of Asia, 
and it is to this that America owes its name. 

Wliat nation Jirst explored the coast of North America f 

To England belongs, the honor of having sent 
out navigators who first explored the coast of North 
America. 

W7io ioere the navigators f 

In the year 1497, John Cabot, a Venetian, and 
his son, Sebastian, set sail from Bristol, England, 
under a commission from Henry VII., and ex- 
plored the coast of Labrador. 

Did either of them make a}i<)ther voyage f 

In the following year, Sebastian, in a second 
expedition, sailed along the coast from Labrador 
to Florida. 

Wlien was Yttcacan discovered ; and the Pacific f 

In 1506, the coast of Yucatan was discovered , 
and in 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa, havini^ 
crossed the Isthmus of Darien, saw the Pacific 
Ocean from the heights of the Andes. 

W\at led to Ponce de Leon^s voyage t 

Ponce de Leon, a Spanish veteran, in the ycai 



DISCOVERY. 



1512, sailed from Porto Tiico in search cf a foun- 
tain, said to exist in one of the Bahama islands. 
To this fountain was ascribed the virtue of impal- 
ing immortal youth to those who should drink of 

its waters. 

What discovery did he make t 

During his search among the islands, he descried 
land abounding in flowers. To commemorate the 
day of his discovery, which happened to be Palm 
Sunday, called by the Spaniards Pascua Florida, 
he named the country Florida. 

Was his search for the fountain successful f 

Having taken formal possession of the country 
for the crown of Spain, he continued his search 
farther south; but this proving unsuccessful he 
returned to Porto Rico. 

What happened on his second voyage ? 

De Leon went on a second voyage, but was 
mortally wounded in a skirmish with the Indians. 

Wlien and hy whom was the coast of Mexico explored ? 

The coast of Mexico was explored by Cordova, 
in 1517. 

WJiat effect did Cordovas exploration produce ? 

On his return to Cuba, he praised the country go 
highly, that Velasquez, the governor, sent out an 
expedition under Grijalva. This returned so rich 
a cargo, that Velasquez was prompted to attempt 
the conquest of the country. 

Give the date of this second expedition, and the commander. 

In 1519, Hernando Cortes, who was chosen to 
command this second expedition, sailed from Cuba, 
and landed first at Tabasco, then at San Juan 
d'Ulloa. 



8 DISCOVERY. 

Describe the progress of Cortes' expedition. 

Here h-aving destroyed liis ships, he marched to 
the city of Mexico, into which tie was invited, and 
to overawe the inhabitants, seized Montezuma the 
king. 

What took place soon after f 

Soon after, Montezuma died. Eoused by this, 
the Mexicans rose upon the Spaniards, and drove 
them from the city with terrible loss. 

What happened on their retreat f 

On their retreat towards the coast, they were 
opposed by an immense number of the natives; 
but the bravery of Cortes saved his little army 
from destruction. 

GKve an account of the bravery of Cortes. 

Bushing into the thickest of the fight, he slew 
the Mexican standard-bearer and took the standard. 
The Mexicans seeing this, fled in confusion, and 
Cortes continued his retrea.t unmolested. 

Wlien was Mexico retaken by the Spaniards f 

Cortes returned with fresh troops, and after a 
vigorous siege, the capital was retaken in 1521. 

When and where did Magellan sail f 

In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese, 
sailed with several ships under the flag of Spain, 
in search of a western passage to India. 

What was his success? 

Pursuing a southerly course, he explored the 
coast of South America, and in the spring of 1520 
entered the Pacific through the straits which bear 
his name. 

\\^at became of Magellan and the expedition f 

Magellan himself was killed on one of the Phil- 
ippine islands ; but one of his vessels reached Spaio 



DI6C0VERY 9 



by the Cape of Good Hope, having sailed round 
ihe globe in a little more than three years. 

Give the date and direction of VerrazanVs expedition. 

In 1524, Verrazani, in the service of France, • 
explored the coast from North Carolina to New- 
foundland, and gave the country the name of New 
France. 

When and by whom was the St. Latnence discovered f 

In the year 1534, Jaques Cartier, a French- 
man, sailed through the Straits of Belleisle, into 
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and discovered the river 
of the same name : he then returned to France. 

Give an account of Cartier's second voyage. 

In the following year, 1535, he sailed up the St. 
Lawrence as far as the Indian town of Hochalaga, 
where Montreal now stands, and in the following 
spring returned to France, taking with him the In- 
dian king, whom he had decoyed on board. 

When and where did De Soto sail ? 

In 1539, De Soto, a Spanish noble, who had 
served with Pizarro in Peru, hoping to find in 
Florida an empire that could rival Mexico, sailed 
from Cuba with a large and well-appointed force. 

Where did he land, and what is said of his wanderings f 

He landed near Tampa Bay, in Florida, passed 
np north, then westward, and after wandering for 
two years, at length reached the Mississippi, in 
1541. 

In what direction did he then move f 

Crossing the river, he pushed on, and passed the 
winter as it is supposed in Arkansas, but returned 
to the Mississippi early in 1542. 

What is said of his march f 

His march was one continued series of contests 



10 DISCOVERT. 



with the natives, and his troops suffered dreadfully 
from famine, exposure, sickness, and constant skir- 
mishing. 

What filially became of De Sotof 

Worn out by care and disappointment, De Soto 
died on the banks of the Mississij^pi in the spring; 
and to conceal his death from the natives, who had 
the highest ideas of his valor, his followers buried 
him at night in the waters of the river. 

And of the remains of his army i 

After his death, the remnant of his army having 
built some frail vessels, dropped down the Missis- 
sippi to the Gulf, and finally reached a Spanish 
settlement in 1543, after an absence of four years 
and three months. 

What ia said of Roberval ? 

In 1541, Roberval, a French nobleman, sent out 
Jaques Cartier with five vessels to form a settle- 
ment in New France. 

Narrate the fate of Cartier' a band. ' 

Cartier arrived in the St. Lawrence, but the na- 
tives, indignant at his treatment of their king, at- 
tacked and compelled him to build a fort for his 
defence, near the present city of Quebec. 

Was the expedition finally succeaiful / 

Next June, 1542, Cartier departed for New 
France just as Iloberval arrived with fresh colo- 
nists. After passing a dreary winter Roberval 
abandoned the idea of forming a settlement, and 
returned to France. 

What ia aaid of Ribault f 

In 1562, Ribault, with a party of Iluguenots 
— French Protestants — was sent out by Coligni, 
pdmir^.l of France. 



DISCOVERY. 11 



Where did he settle f 

He established a colony at Port Royal entrance, 
in South Carolina ; but the settlers, unable to en- 
dure a solitary life in a wild country, soon returned 
to Europe. 

Was the secorui colony more successful f 

Another colony, established by Coligni in Flori- 
rla, in 1564, was attacked by the Spaniards, and 
the seitlers put to the sword. 

When was St. Augustine founded f 

In 1565, the town of St. Augustine, in Florida, 
was founded by the Spaniards, under Melendez. 
This is the oldest town north of ttie Gulf of Mexico. 

Wlien was the first English colony attempted? 

In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed from 
England for the purpose of forming a settlement 
In this he was not successful, and on the home- 
ward voyage, his ship went down with all on board. 

WJm sailed in 1584? 

In the following year, 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh, 
half-brother of Gilbert, having obtained an ex- 
tensive grant of territory from Queen Elizabeth of 
England, sent out two vessels under Amidas and 
Barlow. 

What was the result of this voyage f 

After a successful trading voyage, they returned 
to England, and gave such flattering accounts of 
the country, that Elizabeth bestowed on it the 
Qame of Yirginia. 

Btate what became of Grenvill^s colony. 

In 1585, Raleigh sent out Sir Richard Gren- 
VILLE, who left a colony under Ralph Lane on the 
idland of Roanoke. After a year cf trou}>le8. fhe 



12 DISCOVERY. 



settlers were carried back to England bj Sir Fran- 
cis Drake. 

Did Raleigh send ont another colony f 

Raleigh, not discouraged by this failure, sent out 
another colony in 1687, which landed on the island 
of Roanoke, and there formed a settlement. 

What was its fate f 

Being in want of supplies, the colonists sent 
Capt. White, their governor, to England. He did 
not return for three years, and then no vestige of 
the colony was to be found. 

To whom had Raleigh given up his right to the territory ? 

Previous to White's return to Roanoke, Raleigh 
had given up his patent to a company of mer- 
cliants and othei's in London. 

Give date and account of Gosnold's voyage. 

In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold discovered 
Cape Cod, and endeavored to form a settlement on 
an island he named Elizabeth. The design, how- 
ever, was abandoned, and he returned to England. 

When and by whom was Port Royal settled ? 

In 1605, De Monts, who had been made pro- 

prietor of the territory from the southern boundary 

of IN'ew York as far north as the St. Lawrence by 

the French monarch, made the first permanent set 

,tlement in Acadia, and named it Port Royal. 

Wlien and by whom was Quebec settled f 

In 1608, Champlain, another French voyager, 
laid the foundation of Quebec. 

What happened in tht year 1606 ? 

In the year 1606, James I., of England, divided 
that portion of the continent from the Sith to the 
4=5 th degree north latitude. 



TO IltXTS TIV^Tira 

TH E COUNTRY 
lvojnM02 "tilL ICGT. 




4 7J3lJ\^*' 






S ^3 CoTinnoii' I \ r 




........ 

• )) 



Tir rol:o jn 
j\Tkiuis.i:sL;.:i>y Do Soto 

/^7 iliscovexs "truT 






iS K Xonilon '^\ ^ \. -, „t 

® ^i J-ract IT/' ; '/ 



S7 













DISCOVERT. 



IS 



How was this tract dioided, and to whom given f 

From the 34t]i to the 38th was given to the'Lon- 
don Company ; and from the 41st to the 45th to 
the Plymouth Company: the intervening three 
degrees, from the 38th to the 41st, formed a boun- 
dary between the two companies. 



Spdnlth Navigators. 

Columbus, 

Ponce De Leon, 

Cortes, 

De Soto, 

Magellan, 

Cordova. 



RECAPITULATION. 

French Navigaton. 

Verrazani, 

Cartier, 

Koberval, 

Ribault, 

De Monts, 

Champlain. 



English Narig^tvn. 

The Cabots, 

Gilbert, 

Ami das and Barlow, 

Grenville, 

White. 

Gosnold. 



EARLY VOYAGES. 



1492 Columbus. 

1497 Cabot's first voyage. 
1499 Amerigo Vespucci. 
1498. Sebastian Cabot. 

1498 ColumbuB — Orinoco River. 
1512 Ponce De Leon — Florida. 
1518 Balboar— Pacific. 

1520 Magellan — Straits. 

1521 Cortes — Mexico. 
1524 Verrazani. 

1584 Cartier'B first voyage. 
1M6 ^ second voya^ 



1589 De Soto— llorida. 

1541 Mississippi discovered. 

1541 Roberval. 

1562 Ribault. 

1565 St. Augustine founded. 

1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 

1584 Amidas and Barlow. 

1585 Roanoke colony. 

1587 " second colony^i 
1602 Gosnold— Gape Cod. 
1605 Port Royal settled. 
1608 Qaebec settled. 



14 VIRGINIA. 



SECTION II. 

PaOM tmt SBTTLKMSNT OF VTBOINIA IN 1607, TO THE OOMMBNOKMiOn 
OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAE, 1764. 



CHAPTER I. 
VIRGINIA. 
WTio commanded the first expedition of the London Company f 

The first expedition sent out by the London 
Company, was commanded by Captain Christopher 
Newport. 

Where and when did he settle f 

By severe weather, he was driven north of the 
Island of Roanoke, and entering a river which he 
named the James, he formed the settlement of 
Jamestown, May 23d, 1607. 

WTiOrt occurred during the voyage f 

On the voyage, which lasted upwards of foui 
months, dissension and jealousy arose among the 
leading persons ; and John Smith, their best man, 
was placed in confinement. 

CH.ve the cause of this Jealousy. 

Sealed instructions, with the names of seven per- 
eons inclosed as a local council for the colony, had 
been given by the Supreme Council in England, 
with orders that these should not be opened till th« 
arrival of the colonists. 

ffote were affairs settled on their arrival t 

On their arrival, the persons thus designated, 



VIRGINIA. 15 



chose Edward Wingfield president; and John 
Sriiith, tboug]^ at first excluded, soon took his place in 
the council. 

WJiat at first was the succejs of the colony? 

The colony, composed principally of poor gen- 
tlemen, and broken-down tradesmen, dissolute and 
idle, fell rapidly to ruin. Sickness set in, and in a 
few months half their number died., among these, 
Bartholomew Gosnold. 

WJiat is said of Wingjieldf 

Wingfield being discovered in an attempt to 
plunder the stores, and abandon the colony, was 
deposed. 

What is said of hh successor f 

Ratclilfe succeeded him, but he was sick and in- 
efficient, and the control of affairs fell into the 
hands of Smi th. 

What effect did this produce ? 

Smith by his energy, raised the spirits of the 
colonists, pacified the Indians, and obtained sup- 
plies of provisions. 

Wliat happened to Sinith in an exploring voyage 9 

In a voyage up the Chickahominy, he was cap- 
tured by the Indians, after a desperate struggle, 
and taken to Opecancanough, the brother of Pow- 
hatan, the Indian king, November, 1607. 

By whmn was he at length condemned ? 

He was finally taken to the residence of R)w- 
hatan, and by him condemned to die. 

How was his life saved f 

As Smith was lying bound, ready to be ex 
ecuted, Pocahontas, the favorite daughter of Pow- 
hatan, threw herself between her father and his 
victim, and implored Smith's life. Powhatan 



16 VfRGIMA. 

yielded to her entreaties, and Smith, kept prisonei 
for seven weeks, was sent back to Jamestown. 

How was Smith's captivity beneficial to the colony f 

During his captivity Smith won the confidence 
and friendship of the Indians, and also acquired a 
knowledge of their language and customs, which 
proved of great benefit to the colony. 

What was the state of things on his return / 

On his return, the affairs of the colony were in 
disorder ; but his energy soon restored thiogs to a 
prosperMis condition. 

State what led to Smith's being made President. 

The inefficient Eatcliffe soon after resigned the 
Presidency, during the absence of Smith on an 
exploring expedition, and Smith on his return was 
formally made President, September, 1608. 

When was a new Cha'^ter given, and what change was made f 

In 1609, a new charter was obtained, by which 
it was ordered that a governor should be appointed 
for life, and that he should reside in the colony. 

What IS said of the new governor, and the expedition f 

Lord Delaware, a wise and virtuous nobleman, 
was appointed the first governor, and five hundred 
eniigraTit'' were sent out before him, under Gates, 
Newport, and Somers. 

What disaster befell the expedition f 

A severe storm drove the vessel that contained 
these three, on the Bermudas, where they remained 
several months. Seven of the ships reached Jrmes 
U:)wn. 

Did Smith still retain the Presidency f 

Smith, therefore, still retained the government; 
but being injured by an explosion of gunpowder, 
he returned to England, leaving Percy to irovcrr 



VIRGINIA. 17 



fche colony, until the arrival of Gates or Dela- 
ware. 

WJtat miseries followed SmitKs departure f 

Percy was incapable of ruling with the steady 
hand of Smith. The Indians began to be hostile, 
the colonists quarrelled, and famine and vice re- 
duced their numbers from four hundred and ninety 
to sixty. This dreadful period was long known 
as the " starving time." 

What occurred during their distress ? 

In this state of affairs, June, 1610, Gates and his 
friends arrived, and measures were at once taken 
to disperse the colony ; but Lord Delaware fortu- 
nately appeared, with ships and supplies, and saved 
it from ruin. 

What is said of his administration f 

His government v/as wise and prudent, and the 
dtfairs of the colony prospered rapidly under his 
management, but sickness soon compelled him to 
return. 

Who siu:ceed9d Lord Delaware f 

Sir Thomas Dale was sent out by the Company 
to succeed him. 

\VJien toas the third Charter granted, and with what change f 

In 1612, King James granted a new charter, 
which gave the whole London Company the privi- 
lege of voting for officers, thus making it a demo- 
'^ratic assembly. 

What important event occurred in 1616 ? 

In 1616, the cultivation of tobacco was com 
menced, under the able administration of Deputy- 
Governor Yeardlej^ 

And in 1620 ? 

In the year 1620, the colony was lastingly bene 

2* 



18 VIRGINIA. 

fited by the arrival of ninety respectable young 
women, who were given as wives to the planters, 
on condition that the cost of their transportation 
to Virginia should be paid by the latter. 

Wliat other hnportant event occurred ? 

In tlie same year twenty negroes were brought 
by a Dutch vessel to Jamestown, and sold as slaves. 
This was the beginning of negro slavery in the 
English Colonies. 

Give the account and date of the Indian massacre. 

Troubles now arose from a new quarter. The 
Indians, who had long been quiet, organized and 
carried out a plot with so much secrecy, that on 
April 1st, 1622, in one hour, SiT men, women, and 
children, were massacred. 

What was the result ? 

A bloody war followed, but the Indians were 
everywhere beaten, and at length fled to the inte- 
rior. In this disastrous war, the number of plan- 
tations was reduced from eighty to eight. 

Why had King James become displeased with the London Com- 
pany ? 

Meanwhile, the king had become dissatisfied 
with the debates of the Company at their meetings 
in London. They meddled with his kingly rights, 
and used a liberty of speech inconsistent with his 
notions of passive obedience in the subject. 

In what way did he rid himself of this annoyance ? 

He thereupon dissolved the Company by an 
exercise of his royal authority, and took the gov 
ernment of Virginia into his own- hands in the 
year 1624. 

Who was the most celebrated of the royal governors ? 

The most distinguished governor under tlie 



VIKGII^IA. 19 



royal administration was Sir William B^xkele}'. 
who ruled from 16i2 to 1652 ; and again fron^ 
1660 to 1677, a period of 27 years. 

Give an account of the second Indian massacre. 

In 1644, a second Indian massacre occurred, ir 
which three hundred whites were killed. A war 
of vengeance lasted two years, at the close of 
which the Indians were reduced to obedience. 

From what other source did troubles arise ? 

The distresses of the colony were farther increased 
by the passage of the IMavigation Act, which was 
re-enacted in 1660 by the English Parliament. 

What is said of this oppressive law ? 

This oppressive measure first passed in 1651, but 
not enforced until 1660, prohibited the Yirginians 
from importing or exporting goods, except in Bri- 
tish vessels, and ordered that the chief products 
of the colony should be sent to England alone. 

What caused Bacon's rebellion ? 

This, and other oppressive acts, together with 
the inefficient measures adopted by Berkeley to 
repel the renew^ed attacks of the Indians, led to 
Bacon's rebellion. 

When did this break amt, and what is said of Bacon ? 

In the year 1676, the people chose Nathaniel 
Bacon as a leader, without regard to the authority 
of the governor. Bacon assumed the command, 
repelled the Indians, and forced Berkeley to sub 
mit to his authority. 

How ended the rebellion, and what were Berkeley's measures? 

While at the height of his power, Bacon sud- 
denly died, and the rebellion was suppressed. 
Berkeley's measures Avere in the last degree cruel ; 



iO MASFaOSUSETTS. 



for, not content with fines and confiscations, he 
hanged twenty-two of the leaders of Bacon's party. 

What changes took place afterxoards in the government f 

In 1673, King Charles 11. granted the principal 
part of Virginia to Arlington and Culpepper. In 
1677, the latter became governor for life, but he 
was deprived of his office in 1684, and Virginia 
passed again under the royal government, until 
the revolution. 



RECAPITULATION. 



1607 Jamestown settled. 

" John Smith captured. 

1609 Second Charter. 

1610 ''The Starving Time." 
1612 Third Charter. 

1616 Cultivation of Tobacco. 

1620 Slavery introduced. 



1622 First Indian Massacre. 
1624 Koyal Government. 
1644 Second Indian Plot. 
1651 Navigation Act. 
1673 Proprietary Government. 
1676 Bacon's Rebellion. 
1684 Royal Government. 



CHAPTER II. 

MASSACHUSETTS AND NEW HAMFSHIRK. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 
Wliat is said of John Smith f 

Captain Joha Smith, having recovered from the 
severe wound he had received in Virginia, sailed 
from England, on a trading voyage to the coast of 
'America, in thb year 1614. 

/jfoto much of tiu coast did he explore f 

ITe explored the coast from Penobscot to Cape 



MASSACHUSETTS. 21 



Cod, made a chart of the oountry, and named it 
New England. 

What happened to him in 1615 ? 

In 1615, he made a second voyage; but a mu- 
tiny having arisen among the crew, he was cap- 
lured and imprisoned by the French ; he eseaped, 
however, from France, alone, in an open boat. 

What effect did Smi^Vs account prodv^e on the Plymouth Ccnu- 
pany f 

The Plymouth Company, encouraged by Smith's 
description of the country, appointed him admiral 
for life, and applied for a new charter. 

What new name and grant did they receive f 

Under a new name, the Council of Plymouth, 
they obtained a grant of th3 territory lying between 
the 40th and 48th parallels of north latitude. 

When and by whom was the first settlement made? 

The first permanent settlement on this tract was 
made on the 21st of December, 1620, by a body of 
Puritans, who, to avoid persecution on account of 
their religious opinions, had determined to settle 
in America. 

Oive an account of their first emigration. 

They first went to Holland, under the care of 
John Robinson, their minister, in 1608, and set- 
.tled at Amsterdam: thence they removed to Ley- 
den. 

What prompted them to leave Holland f 

In the hope of bettering their condition , by sev 
tling in America, they sought for and obtained a 
grant of land from the London Company. 

State what is said of their departure. 

They then passed from Le5^der to Southampton, 
England, and being joined by a body of Puritans 



22 MASSACHUSETTS. 



from London, a company, to the number of on« 
hurxirorl and one, sailed in the Mayflower froro 
Plymouth, on the 16th of September, 1620. 

Of thtir voyage, place, a7id date of landing. 

After a tedious and stormy voyage, they reached 
the coast of Massachusetts, entered the harbor of 
Plymouth, and finding the shore pleasant and 
agreeable, they landed there, December 21st, 1620. 

Why did they not settle on the London Company's tract ? 

They had intended to settle on the banks of the 

Hudson, withi.n the limits of New Netherlands ; 

but the lateness of the season, their long voyage. 

and the distance from the spot they had selected, 

compelled them to seek a settlement. 

State the trials of the first winter. 

The winter had now set in, and exposure, sick- 
ness, and famine, made sad havoc with the infant 
colony. Before spring, forty-six died, and among 
these. Governor Carver and his wife. 

What fortunate alliances were madef 

In the spring of 1621, alliances were entered into 
with the neighboring Indian tribes, the Wampa- 
noags and the Narragansetts. These alliances se- 
cured the colony against danger from the Indians. 

What became necessary to secure their right to the landf 

Being without the limits of the territory of the 
Virginia Company, they obtained a grant from the 
Council of Plymouth. The land thus obtained 
was divided equitably, and prosperity began to 
visit the colony. 

Who were the leading men f 

The leading men were Carver, Bradford, Bre^^ 
tcr, Standi?h, and Winslow. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 28 

What other colony was commenced f 

Another body of Puritans had received a grant 
of land from the Plymouth Company, under the 
name of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

Where and when was a settlement madef 

Under tlms grant, Boston with its neighborhood 
•ras settled by three hundred Puritan families in 
1630. 

When and by whom were their numbers increased f 

Like the Plymouth Colony, they suffered much 
from sickness during their early settlement; but 
in the year 1635, three thousand emigrants arrived, 
among whom were Hugh Peters and Sir Henry 
Vane. 

Froom what source did difficulty arise, aiid who was banished f 

Religious dissensions had already arisen in the 
colony, and Roger Williams was banished on ac- 
count of his opinions, in 1635. 

What is said of Mrs. Hutchinson f 

A woman, by name Mrs. Hutchinson, who held 
meetings of her own sex, and claimed the right to 
decide on the religious faith of others, was also 
banished, although she was supported by many 
distinguished men in the colony. 

What arrival took pla4;e, and when f 

Great numbers of Puritans continued to arrive 
from England, and the king attempted to prevent 
the emigration. Notwithstanding this, a fleet of 
eight ships, with a number of settlers on board, 
arrived in 1638. 

Give the date, names, and object of the (Jyiion of the Nev Ent 
ifvmnd \,of utiles. 

In the year 1643, the colonies of Massachusetts, 
Plymouth, New Haien, and Connecticut, formed a 



24 MASSACHUSETTS. 



league, under the name of The United Colonies 
OF New England, for defence against the Dutch, 
French, and Indians, on the continent. 

Jlmo voere the general affairs of tlu Colonies regulated f 

All matters relating to this Union were deter 
mined in a yearly meeting, composed of two dele- 
gates from each colony. It greatly promoted the 
welfare and independence of the colonies. 

WJiat is said of the first arrival of the Quakers? 

In 1656 the Quakers first arrived from England, 
but the authorities would not permit them to land. 

Describe the cruel measures adopted by the colonists. 

Fresh numbers arriving, many were banished, 
and the punishment of death was decreed to all 
who should return from banishment. Four were 
thvLS put to death. 

WTiat was the result of this persecution f 

These severe measures proved ineffectual. The 
Quakers were above the fear of death ; their suffer- 
ings changed the current of popular sympathy, 
and the severity of the law was at length relaxed, 
and the Quakers permitted to enjoy their opinions 
in peace. 

What is said of tJte Navigation Act f 

The Navigation Act, which has been mentioned 

in the history of Virginia, pressed heavily on 

^Massachusetts; and tlvere, as in Virginia, formixi 

one of the remote causes of American Independ 

ence. 

What war broke out in 1676 ^ 

The quiet of the colon j was at length interrupted 
Dy an Indian war, commonly known as Kin^ 
Philip's. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 26 



Who was Philip f 

King Philip of Mount Hope was ihe son aj-d 
successor of Massasoit, chief of the Wampanoags, 
who had proved a steady friend of the colonists^ 
firom their first settlement till his death in 1662. 

What was the caufie of the war ? 

A converted. Indian accused Philip of plotting 
tlie destruction of the whites, and soon after, the 
informer was murdered. Three of Philip's men, 
suspected of the crime, were seized, and on verj 
slight evidence, hanged for the murder. 

What followed t 

Philip, burning with revenge, and urged on by 
the young men of the tribe, retaliated by plunder- 
ing the settlements around Mount Hope, and m 
July, 1675, he attacked Swansea, and killed sev- 
eral persons. 

What movements were made against him. / 

The colonists flew to arms, and a force was sent 
to Mount Hope, to seize Philip ; but his home waa 
found deserted. On their return they found him 
posted in a swamp at Pocasset. 

Did they attack him f 

Here they surrounded him, but Philip, with the 
most of his men broke through their lines and fled 
fco the country of the Nipmucks. 

What disasters followed f 

Several tribes now pressed upon the colonists; 
the settlements at Brookrield, Deerfield, and Hadiey 
were successively attacked, and many men were 
lost in, different skirmishes. 

By whom was Philip now joined f 

To increase their terror, the colonists leameu 

8 



26 MASSACHUSETTS. 



that Pliilip had been joined by the powerful tribg 
of the N;irrai2ansetts. 

o 
WJt:if nitainirrs were taken bi/ the colonists f 

A body of lifteen hundred men was hereupon 
lent into Rhode Island, where, in Deeeniber, 1675, 
it found Philip with oOOO men, strongly posted in 
ft swamp, and defended by rude, but strong works. 

Describe the attack. 

Over a log thrown aeross the swamp, the colo- 
nists pressed, amid a shower of bullets, t^) the 
attack, but were driven back with dreadful loss. 
A second attemjU. which lasted two hours, waa 
more successful, and they elVected an entrance. 

Wliiit followed f ^ 

Thev then set fire to the wigwams, consuming 
the old men, women, and children; killed a thou- 
sand Indians, and took several hundred prisoners, 
who were sold t\s slaves. Their own loss in killed 
and wounded, was two hundred and thirty. 

Was Philip taken prisojier f 

Philip, with a part of his force, escaped into the 
country of the Nipmucks. 

State iphat is said of the death of Philip. 

In August of the following year, a detachment 
(/f colonists endeavored to capture Philip at Mount 
Hope, but as he was attempting to escape, he was 
shot by one of his own tribe, in revenge for the 
death of his brother, whom Philip had killed for 
pro[>osing submission to the whites. 

When was the wvjr ended f 

Ilis death put an end to the war in 1676. 

What chaiuye in the (jovernment took place in 1686, and vhyf 

The colony of Massachusetts continued to resist 
ihe con\mercial oppressions cf England ; to punish 



MASSACHUBETTa. 27 



their obptinacy, the charter was taken away in 1686, 
and MassachusettH became a royal government. 

WJm leas thefiritt royal rjovernor, and give Inn character? 

Sir Edmund Andros was appointc^l first gover- 
nor, but his tyranny so exasperated tlie people, that 
when the news of the revolution in Knglano 
arrived in Boston in 1689, Andros was seized, im- 
prisoned, and sent to England. 

What war nrm broke out f 

The English revolution, however, involved the 
.'X)lonie8 in a war commonly known jis King Wil- 
liam's WAR. 

Oive the cause/i of this war, and the date of iln commencement 

William of Orange having ascended the English 
throne, the French supported the claims of James 
II., the dethroned king, who had fled to France, 
and war was accordingly declared in 1689. 

Name the im.portant eventn of the war. 

No events of great im{)ortance marked the pro- 
gress of the war in the colonies ; an unsuccessful 
expedition was undertaken against Port Royal, 
and many atrocities were committed }>y the French 
and Indians. The villages of Schenectady and 
Salmon Falls were burned by them, and many of 
the inhabitants massacred. 

How lonff did the war last, and when did it endf 

A stop was finally put to the war by the treaty 
of Ryswick in 1697, afler a duration oi eight years. 

\Vliat excitement broke o^d in 1692 ? 

In the month of February, 1692, during King 
William's war, a great excitement broke out in Sa- 
'em ; this is generally known by the name of the 
Salem Witchcraft. 



28 MASSACHUSETTS 



lIutD did it commetvce f 

It commenced amid the family and relatives of 
the minister, whose daughter and niece were 
troubled with fits of a strange nature. The phy- 
sicians pronounced them bewitched, and the friends 
ut once fell in with the idea. 

'?7»o ioas accused of heuntching them f 

The crime was charged upon an old Indian 
woman in the family, and she was whipped into a 
confession of the charge. 

Wliat M said of the progress of the delusion f 

The progress oi the delusion kept pace with the 
fcxirs of the people. It s'^n spread throughout the 
colony ; multitudes were thrown into prison ; many 
were tried and convicted, and nineteen were exe- 
cuted, for witchcraft. 

How tons it terminated f 

At length reason began to resume its sway. The 
community became ashamed of the lengths to 
which they had been hurried, and those imprisoned 
were set at liberty. No new charges being pre- 
ferred, the delusion gradually died away. 

When did Quee^* Anne's war break out f 

Fn 1702, five years after the treaty of Ryswick, 
Queen A nne's war broke out. 

State its origin. 

James 11. having died in France, the French 
proclaimed his son king of England. War waa 
immediately declared by Queen Anne, who then 
reigned in England. 

W7iat preparations were made on this continent f 

The French and English colonies thereupon 
commenced hostilities, and the French having se- 
cured the help of the Indians, the horrors of the 



MASSACHUSE'Kra. 20 



Erevious war were renewed with increased baj 
arity. 

Wliat was the principal event of the war f 

Massachusetts made two attempts to capture 
Port Koyal, which surrendered in 1710, and Acadia 
at length came into the possession of the EngUsh. 

Oive the limits of Acadia. 

Acadia comj)riscd New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, 
and Cape Breton Island. 

Ilf/w and vjhen was the war ended ? 

The war was terminated by the treaty of Utrecht 
in 1713. 

What war followed, and give the date aiid cause f 

Queen Anne's war was followed by King 
George's war, in 1744. This had its origin in dis- 
putes in Europe about the succession to the k'ing- 
dom of Austria, and is sometimes called "the war 
of the Austrian succcssi^jn." 

Mention the most important event of the war. 

The most im[K)rtant event during the war, was 
the capture of Louisburg by a colonial expedition, 
assisted by a British fleet under Commodore War- 
ren. 

What treaty terminated the warf 

Louisburg was, however, given back to the 
French by the treaty of Aix la Chapel !e, which 
terminated King George's war in 1748. 

What ia said of th^ furtlter histor'j, of Massa/;husetts f 

The further history of Massachusetts is combincxi 
with that of the other colonies in the French and 
l!j<:iian war. 

8« 



30 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



NEW HAMreHIRE. 
Wfien and under what was New Hampshire settled f 

In the year 1623, New Hampshire was first setf 
tied, under a grant of kuid made to Ferdinando 
Gorges and John Mason, by the Council of Ply- 
mouth. 

}V7tere were the first settlements mcuief 

The first settlements were made at Dover, and 
at Little Harbor, near the present town of Ports- 
mouth. 

What is said of the early government f 

From the period of settlement, down to 164-1, 
each village governed itself by its own laws ; but 
at the last-mentioned date, they sought, and were 
admitted to the protection of Massachusetts. 

Wliat change occurred in the year 1680? 

Their existence became merged in that of this 
colony, until the year 1680, when New Hampshire 
was made a separate province. 

Did a7iy dlfflculties ari*e in the colony f. 

The peace of the colony was constantly disturbed 
by bitter quarrels about the lands, till at length 
the claims of the proprietor were bomglit up in the 
year ITtlf) ,for £1,500, and quietness was restored. 

From what external misfortunes did it suffer? 

Lying north of Massachusetts, and forming an 
exposed frontier, it was thus liable to the attacks 
of the Indians ; and its history during the ditierent 
wars, is a narrative of Indian murders, massacres, 
and burniiiijjs. 

Mention the most memorable of these attacks. 

Of these scenes, tlie most memorable is the mas- 
*cre at Dover in 3 6Si), during King William's 



CONNECTICUT. 



31 



war, in which twenty-three persons were killed, 
and twenty-nine made prisoners and sold into 
slavery in Canada. 

To what colo7iy does the history of New Hampshire properh 
belong f 

The history of New Hampshire is to a great ex- 
feent embraced in that of Massachusetts, for though 
a separate colony, her fortunes rose or fell with 
those of her more powerful neighbor. 



RECAPITULATION. 



MAS8A0HUaETT8. 

1614 John Smith's voyage. 
1620 Plymouth settled. 
1630 Boston " 

1685 Rower Williams banished. 
1643 Union— N. Eng. Colonies. 
1656 Arrival of the Quakers. 

1675 Kino Philip's War. 

1676 Death of Philip. 

J 686 Royal Government. 

1689 Kino William's War. 

1690 Schenectady burned. 



1697 Treaty of Ryswick. 
1702 Queen Anne's War. 
1713 Treaty of Utrecht. 

1744 Kino Geokok's War. 

1745 Louisburfj captured. 
1748 Treaty— Aix la Chapefia. 



New-Hampshirk, 

1623 Dover settled. 

1680 A scfMirate pro\dnoo. 

1689 Dover Mjwsucra 



CHAPTER III. 

HI8TOET OF THE REMAINING Cf LONIE8. 



CONNECTICUT. 



Wlien and by %ohoin wait Connecticut settled? 

Connecticut was settled in 1685 by emigrant** 
from Massachusetts, who travelled across the wi3 



82 CONNECTICUT. 



demess, and established themselves at Windsor, 
Hartford, and Wethersfield. 

Was the couutrv previousli/ settled f 

The Dutch had previously attempted a settle- 
ment at Hartford, on the Connecticut, but it was 
finally abandoned. 

Bi/ what tt>a4 the nete settlement ^angered f 

Hardly had the colonists obtained a footing in 
the territory, when a war sprung up, which threat- 
ened their destruction. 

Wlien and what was the cause of the warf 

The Pequod war began in 1637, and had its 
origin in the jealousy of that tribe, which com- 
menced a series of attacks on the settlers. 

H^o was sent a(jainst tliem, and what of the erpedition f 

Captain M:ison, with eighty English, seventy 
Mohegans, and three hundred Narragansetts, was 
sent against them; and arriving at the encamp- 
ment of the Pequods on the banks of the Mystic, 
attacked them suddenly on the morning of June 
6th, 1637. 

I)escnbe the attack arid resiilts. 

Roused by the barking of a dog, the Indian? 
made a brave defence ; but Mason fired their wig- 
wams, and six hundred Indians, of all ages, were 
slain, and the power of the Pequods was completely 
broken. 

In what was Connecticut more fortunate than her neighbors ? 

Connecticut "vas more fortunate than Massachu- 
setts in ret-i\iuiug her liberties; and despite the at 
tempts of Governors Andros and Fletcher, retaiDed 
her colonial charttr till the revolution. 



RHODE ISLAJ^D. — NEW YORK. 



33 



RHODE ISLAND, 
When and by whom was Rhode Island settled f 

Rhode Island was settled in 1636 by Roger Wil- 
liams, who had been banished from Massachusette 
on account of his opinions. 

What were those opinions f 

He held to entire religious freedom, and to pro- 
tection from the magistrate in the expression of 
his opinions; that allegiance to the king and the 
magistrate ought to be voluntary, and that the 
king could not give away the territory of the In- 
dians. 

What name did fie give the settlement ? 

The place where he and his companions finally 
settled he named Providence Plantation. 

Was the colony successful? 

Here the utmost freedom of opinion prevailed; 
political matters were determined by a majority, 
and harmony marked the history of the new colony. 

What is the date of the charter of Rhode hi and? 

When the New England colonies united in 1643, 
Rhode Island was not received into the union ; but 
it obtained a charter in 1644, through the exertions 
of Williams, its founder. 

The further history of the colony contains no 
events of marked importance. 



NEW YORK. 



Give an account of the discovery of the Hudson, and the date. 

In the year 1609, Henry Hudson, in the em- 
ployment of the Dutch East India Company, while 



34 NEW YORK. 



attempting to discover a passage to the Pacitic 
Ocean, discovered the Hudson river, and sailed ujj 
as far as the present city of Hudson. 

TT7i<?re and when were the firnt settlefnents ? 

In 1614, the Dutch erected a fort on the southern 
extremity of Manhattan Island, to protect the seir 
tlement established for the purpose of trading witli 
the Indians ; and in the following year, 1615, Fort 
Orange was erected on the present site of Albany. 

Mliat names were given? 

To the whole territory they gave the name of 
New Netherlands, and to the settlement on Man 
hattan Island, New Amsterdam. 

\]^o were the successive governors ? 

The governors were Peter Minuits, Wouter Yan 
Twiller, William Kieft, and Peter Stuyvesant. 

WTio laid claim to the territory, and what followed ? 

The English laid claim to the New Netherlands , 
and in 1664, a squadron, under Colonel Nichols, 
sent out by the Duke of York, to whom the terri- 
tory had been granted by King Charles, appeared 
before New Amsterdam, and demanded its surren- 
der. 

Did the Dutch offer any resistance T 

Stu}'vesant a brave and active governor, endea- 
vored, by every means, to infuse spirit into the 
people ; but their fears prevailed, and the magis- 
trates surrendered the colony to the English. 

Give the most noted English governors. 

Among the English governors, the most noted 
were Andros, formerly alluded to as the tyrant or 
N'ew England; Lord Bellamont, chai'ged as the 
ib^ttor of Captain Kidd in piracy; and Lor«] 



NEW YORK. 36 



Combury, whose rank did not prevent his credit 
ors from throwing hi»m into prison for his debts. 

What oc<ynrred in 1690 ? 

In the year 1690, during King William's war, a 
great disastei befell the province, in the burning of 
the village of Schenectady. 

By whom and hmo was this done f 

A body of French and Indians, sent by the 
governor of Canada against Albany, surprised the 
village about midnight, after the inhabitants had 
retired to rest. 

What is said of the cruelties perpetrated f 

The most dreadful cruelties were perpetrated; 
men, women, and children, without regard to age, 
were butchered, and the village burned. 

And of the sufferings of the inhabitants ? 

Sixty persons were killed, twenty-five made 
prisoners, and the rest, in mid- winter, amid intense 
suffering, and with broken constitutions, at last 
reached Albany. 

What is said of the Negro Plot f 

In the year 1741, the celebrated negro plot wa« 
discovered, and several witnesses testified to the 
intention of the negroes to burn the city of New 
York, and drive out the whites. 

How was the excitement allayed ? 

• Upwards of thirty persons were executed, many 
were transported ; and by these severe measures 
the excitement was allayed. 

h it now supposed such a plot existed f 

The charge of conspiracy was afterwards be 
heved to be groundless, and public syinpath> 
turned too late in favor of the sufferers. 



86 NEW JERSEY. 



NEW JERSEY. 
Wk^n and where v;as New Jersey first settled by t?ie EnglUhf 

New Jersey was first settled by the English, at 
Elizabethtown, in 1664. 

Of wfuU did New Jersey previously form a part ? 

It formed a part of New Netherlands, and had 
been first settled by the Datch at Bergen in 1624. 

Roxo did it come under English government ? 

It fell into the hands of the English in 1664 
when the Dutch surrendered the New Netherlands 
to the squadron under Colonel Nichols. 

To whom had the territory been granted? 

The territory had been granted to Lord Berkeley 
and Sir George Carteret, and was named New Jer- 
sey in honor of the latter, who had been governor 
of Jersey, England. 

What was the success of th* nev colony ? 

The proprietors neld out great inducements for 
emigrants to settle on their lands, and so secured 
the rights and liberties of the people, that at first 
the colony prospered greatly. 

State the difficulties that etisued. 

In 1670 troubles arose, occasioned by attempts 
m the part of the Duke of York to wrest New 
.Jersey from the proprietors, but the question was 
legally decided against the uuke. 

Jnto lehose hands did the colony finally fall f 

William Penn aad other Quakers finally bought 
up the claims of Berkeley and Carteret; but on 
the accession of James II. to the throne, he set 
(jiide their rights, and appointed Andros governor. 

When was Nev Jersey ttr^ited to New York f 

Id 1702, New Jersey became a royal province 



MARYLAND. 37 



united to New York. This union continued till 
1738, when in answer to a petition from the as- 
Bembly, New Jersey was made a distinct province, 
under its own governor. 



MARYLAND. 



To whom was the Urritory of Maryland first granted f 

The territory of Maryland, originally a part of 
Virginia, was granted to Cecil Calvert, Lord Balti- 
more, and in honor of Henrietta Maria, wife of 
Charles I., was called Maryland. 

When and for what was the colony established? 

The first colony was established in 1634, under 
the superintendence of Leonard Calvert, on the St. 
Mary's river, as an asylum for persecuted Catholics. 

state the principles upon which it was founded. 

Entire civil and religious freedom was granted to 
all, and Maryland has the honor of being the first 
colony where the latter was guaranteed by law. 

Was the colony allowed to exist in peace ? 

The infant colony was much harassed by Virginia^ 
which laid claim to the territory. 

What happened to Lord Baltimore ? 

During the troubles incited by Clayborne, an 
officer in the service of Virginia, Governor Calvert 
v/as compelled to flee; but after the restoration of 
Charles II. Lord Baltimore was restored to his 
rights, and peace and contentment reigned. 

Did the proprietorship remain in the Calvert family f 

By a stretch of regal power, the son of Cecil Cal- 
vert was deprived of his proprietorship, and Lionel 
Copley became the first royal governor. 



88 PENNSV^LVANlA. 

Whjt change took place in 1715 ? 

Another change took place in 1715, and tho 
proprietor's rights were restored in the perso\ oi 
tlie infant Lord Baltimore. These he retaineo a]i 
the revolution. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 
Wliat is said of the early settlement in Pennsylvania f 

Pennsylvania was colonized by the Swedes, in 
164:3 , but the lirst grant of the territory was made 
in 1681, to William Penn, a distinguished Quaker 
and in high favor at the court of Knglaud. 

When did the English settlers come ovet / 

The influence of Penn secured a colony of sot- 
tler:5 the same year — 1681, and in the following 
year, Penn himself, accompanied by a number of' 
(juakers, landed at Newcastle. 

Describe Penn^a treatment of the Indians. 

Shortly after his arrival, he assembled the In- 
dian tribes, and made a treaty of peace with them ; 
purchased and paid for their lands; and by his 
wise and generous treatment, secured the peace of 
the colony. 

What happened in 1702? 

But, notwithstanding Penn's deep interest in its 
^elfore, difficulties arose during his absence in En- 
gland, and the three lower counties separated in 
1702, and afterwards became the CoLOXY of Del 

AWARE. 

Did Penn arrange matters on his return? 

Penn's efforts to restore harmony were unavail 
Lng, and with separate assembhes the divided co 
'zny was only united under one governor. 



DELAWARE. — CAROLIN^A. 89 



When did Penn die, and what became of the proprietor. thip ? 

In 1718, William Penn died, and his rights, 
falling to his heirs, were finally tx)ught by Penn* 
Bylvania after the revolution, for half a million of 
dollars. 



DELAWARE. 



Wliat is said of the settlement of Delaware f 

Delaware, like Pennsylvania, was originally seti* 
tied by a colony of Swedes, in 1643, but the history 
of its settlement by the English, is comorised in 
that of Pennsylvania. 

What name was at first given to Delaware f 

The "three lower counties on the Delaware,'' 
went under the name of "the territories," while 
Pennsylvania proper was styled " the province." 

What quarrels ensued? 

The inhabitants of these three counties became 
exceedingly dissatisfied with Penn's constitution, 
and constant quarrels ensued between them and 
the province! 

What occurred in 1691 and 1702 f 

As early as 1691, they refused to meet with the 
provincial assembly, and at last, in 1702, a mutual 
and final separation was effected although they 
continued under one governor till the revolution. 



NORTH AND S0T3TH CAROLIN/ , 
When and where toas North Carolina first setf edf 

About the year 1650, several sett/ement^ were 
wiade by planters from Virginia, at the moath o/ 



40 GEORGIA. 



the Cliowaii river. These were the first settlo 
ments in North Carolina. 

What grant was niade in 10ti3 ? 

The counlry, from Virginia to Florida, was grant- 
ed, in 1663, to Lord Clarendon and others, and a 
constitution was drawn up for the government of 
the colony. 

Did this cotiStitHtion ffo in force f 

This proving unsatistactory to all parties, was 
finally annulled by the proprietors. 

Oit<f the date and ca^tse of the settlement of Smith CarolintL. 

The northern colony did not increase rapidly, 
and emigration set towards the south, which led to 
the settlement of South Carolina, on the Ashley 
river, in the year 1670. 

Wlien and where was the next setVeme^itf 

Ten years after, a new town was founded at the 
junction of the Cooper and Ashley rivers, and 
named Charleston. 

What was the after history of the tioo colonies f 

The two colonies of North ami South Carolina 
remained under the government of the proprietors 
till 1729, when royal governors were appointed, 
who exercised their authority till the revolution. 



GEORGIA. 



What led to the settlement of Georgia / 

The first settlement of Georgia originated in the 
benevolent designs of James Oglethorpe, who wsis 
anxious tc provide an asylum for the poor, the 
destitute, and the oppresaei 



GEORGIA. 



4} 



State the terms of the king's grant. 

The territory of Georgia was granted fjr this 
purpose to Oglethorpe in 1732, and given in trust 
for twenty-one years to a body of trustees for the 
poor and needy. 

Where and when was the fir at settlement of Georgia f 

The first settlement was made at Savannah, in 
1733, and rapidly increased in numbers, though 
not in wealth. 

Describe the conduct of Oglethorpe in 1742. 

In the year 1742, the colony was threatened with 
destruction by an army of Spaniards from Florida; 
but it was saved by the bravery and skill of Ogle- 
thorpe, who compelled the Spaniards to retreat, 
with considerable loss. 

W}iat change took place in 1752 ? 

The settlers, liowever, became dissatisfiod with 
the government of the trustees, and in 1752, about 
twenty years after the settlement of Savanna '>, 
Georgia became a royal government. 



RECAPITULATION. 



1685 CoxiTECTictT pettled. 

1687 Pequod War. 

1006 Rhode i«L.vxD settled 

lC't4 First Charter. 

16i)9 IlcDsoN river discovered. 

1G14 New- York settled— Dutci. 

1664 Becomes an EnjjlisJi cvjlony. 

1600 B'-.rning of Scheuectadv. 

1741 Ne^/ro Plot. 

1394 N?:w7Jerset settled. 



1702 Hnited to New Yoriu 
1634 Maryland settJed. 

1643 pENNSYLVAJflA ^Sw'Pid'iW. 

16S1 Settled by William Wz^i 
1643 Delaware — Swedes. 
1702 Separated from Pennsyl. 
1650 North Carolina settled 
1670 South Carolina settled 
1733 Gkorgia settled. 
1752 Koyal Govemrnerit. 



4* 



42 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



SECTION III. 



raOW THE OOMlTEyCEMENT OF THE FREXC»;AND EN'DIAH WAS, TO TKB 

AMEBICAN EEVOLDTIOX. 



CHAPTER L 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

Name the wars that preceded the French and Indian war. 

Previous to the French and Indian war, fiye 
wars had desolated the colonies. The Pequod, 
King Philip's, King William's, Queen Anne's, and 
Kinsr Georsre's. 

Give the origin of these wars. 

The Pequod and King Philip's originated in the 
jealousy of the Indians; the others in disputea 
between France and England, in Europe. 

And the cause of the French and Indian. 

The French and Indian war, on the other hand, 
had its origin on this continent, in rival claims to 
the same territory. 

What is said of tJie French and English claims f 

The Engflish based their rig^ht to the continent 
on the discovery of the Cabots in 1-197. The 
French claimed the most northern and western 
portions by settlement and exploration. 

What yneasrires were takeii by the French .' 

To secure their possessions, the French estab 
lished a chain of forts stretchinof from Lake Eric 
•X" the mouth of the Mississippi. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 43 

What is said of Governor Dinwiddie f 

Several of these forts being within the limits of 
the territory granted to Virginia, Governor Din- 
widdie, in October, 1753, sent a letter to the French 
commandant, M. De St. Pierre, requesting him to 
withdraw from these posts. 

Who was chosen to carry the messacje f 

For this mission George Washington was cho- 
sen. 

What is said of him ? 

Born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, Feb- 
ruary 22d, J 732, he was only twenty-one years of 
age when he undertook this journey to the French 
fort on the Alleghany river, but of a vigorous and 
enterprising character. 

Give an account of his journey, and the result. 

His route lay through a wilderness, amid hostile 
savages, and in the depth of winter. Through all 
these perils he returned in safety, but without suc- 
cess, for the French general refused to evacuate the 
forts. 

—1754.— 

What followed in 1754 ? 

In consequence of this, an expedition was fittei 
out by Virginia, and Washington was appointed to 
, the command. 

^ Give cm account of the expedition. 

Being sent against l^ort du Quesne, he threw his 
troops into a small fort which he had erected, and 
named Fort Necchsity. Here he was attacked by 
a superior body of French, and was finally com- 
pelled to surrender, with the honorable privile;;v 
of returning to Virginia. 



44 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



—1755.— 

Wlio arrived in 1755 ? 

In the spring of 1755, Gen. Bradd-ock arrived 
from England with reinforcements. 

Wfiat expeditions were resolved OJi f 

Three expeditions were resolved on, the most 
important of which was the expedition against 
Fort dii Quesne, by Braddock in person. 

M^at befell this expedition ? 

While pushing on at the head of an advanced 
fbr(!e, heedless of the advice of Washington, who 
was an officer in the expedition, he fell into an am- 
buscade of French and Indians, and with many of 
his best officers, was himself slain. 

Narrate the conduct of Washington. 

AYashington, though exposed to the constant fire 
of the enemy, was fortunately preserved unhurt, 
and with his Virginia troops covered the retreat of 
the army, and saved it from total ruin. 

Wltat was the success of the other two expeditions ? 

The other expeditions were scarcely more sue* 
eessful: The one against Niagara was abandoned; 
and the other against Crown Point, under Gen. 
Johnson, went as far as Lake George, where, Sept. 
8th, tliey were attacked by the French under 
Baron Dieskau, who was defeated and made 
prisoner. Soon after, Johnson returned to Albany. 

—1756.— 

Who took command of the French army f 

The Marquis Montcalm now took command of 
the French forces. 

What was the principal event of the year f 

He this year attacked and took Oswego, and 



rREI4CH AND INDIAN WAR, 4fi 



with it the garrison, amounting to fourteen hun- 
dred men, and a great amount of military stores 
and ammunition were captured. 

—1757.— 

What fort was attacked and taken by Mordcahn in IVSY ? 

Montcalm this year attacked Fort William Hen- 
ry, which surrendered after a brave defence. 

What disaster followed the surrender ? 

By the terms of surrender, the English garrison 
were to be allowed to retire with the honors of 
v/ar ; but Montcalm, being unable to restrain the 
ferocity of his Indian allies, a savage massacre en- 
sued, in which many of the garrison were slain. 

—1758.— 

Oive the plan of the campaign of 1758. 

In the year 1758, three expeditions were sent 
against the French — one to attack Louisburg, 
another against Fort du Qaesne, and the third 
against Ticonderoga. 

Who commanded the one against Louisburg, and with what sue- 
<st;as ? 

Gen. Amherst commanded the expedition against 
Louisburg, which surrendered after an obstinate 
defence of a month. 

What officer distinguished himself during the siege? 

In the siege. Gen. Wolfe, afterwards so cele- 
brated, greatly distinguished himself by his ener- 
getic bravery. 

State the success of the expedition against Frrt du Quesne. 

Gen. Forbes led the expedition ^.gainst Fort du 
Quesne. After a sharp skirmish, the fort waa 
abandoned to the Brtish, and was named Fort 



46 FRENCH AXD INDIAN WAR. 



Pitt, in honor of Mr. Pitt, then prime minister of 
England. 

Wafs that agaitist Ticonderoga sitccessful f 

But to balance these successes, the army undei 
General Abercrombie, which had been sent against 
Ticonderoga met with severe disaster. 

What disaster befell the vanguard ? 

When near the fort an advanced party of Brit- 
ish tell in with a body of Fiench, and a skirmish 
ensued, in wliich the young Lard Howe, their 
officer, was slain. 

What followed t 

Two days after, General Abercrombie, without 
waiting for his artillery, attacked the fort, but after 
a four hours' contest, he was compelled to retreat, 
with the loss of two thousand men. 

Was this ill s^iccess retrieved in any way ? 

Though the object of the expedition had thus 
signally failed, a portion of the army, to the num- 
ber of three thousand men, under Col. Bradstreet, 
met with brilliant success. 

Crive an account of Bradstreet" s expedition. 

Striking across Lake Ontario, he attacked FoTi 
Frontenac on the western shore, and after a two 
days' siege, captured it, together with nine vessels, 
sixty cannon, and a large amount of military 
stores. 

• —1759.— 

Wha4. iWM MOW the resolution of the British ministry f 

The British ministry determined to make the 
campaign of 1759 more effectual than the prece- 
ding, and for this purpose three expeditions were 
again planned : 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1-7 



Against what points vjere they to proceed? 

One, under Gen. Prideau, to proceed against Fort 
Niagara ; the second, under Gen. Amherst, against 
Ticonderoga ; while a third was to pass up the St 
Lawrence, and lay siege to Quebec. 

What is said of the sttccess of these plans f 

The first and second expeditions were successful ; 
but the third, being the most difficult and remark- 
able, demands ptirticular attention. 

WJiat were the first movements of Wolfe against Quebec? 

Geii. Wolfe, who commanded the expedition, 
having sailed \id the St. Lawrence, encamped on 
the Isle oi' Oilcans, a few miles below Quebec. He 
then crossed the river, and attacked the French in 
their camp, but was repulsed with severe loss. 

In what direction did he next move ? 

Despairing of success at this point, Wolfe at 
length moved the troops some distance above the 
city, while at the same time a detachment was left 
en the island for the purpose of deceiving Mont- 
calm. 

Hoio did he reach the Plains of Abraham? 

From the point above the city, the troops at mid- 
night dropped silently down the stream in boats, 
climbed the steep banks of the river, and in the 
morning were drawn up ready for battle on the 
Plains of Abraham. 

Did the French allow theyyi to remain here quiet f 

As this position commanded the city, Montcala 
at once attacked the Ensjlish. 

" 

What was the result of the battle ? 

The battle was obstinately contested ^ but the 
French were finally driven fi:ora the field with 



4S FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



gevere loss: both generals were mortally wound' 
ed. 

CRve the dying words of Wolfe and Montcalm. 

Their dying words deserve to be commemorated, 
Wolfe, when expiring, heard the cry, " They run, 
they run!" "Who run?" he gasped. "The 
French," was the reply. " Then," said he, " I die 
content." Montcalm, on being informed of the 
nature of his wound, remarked, " So much the 
better. I shall not live to see the surrender of 
Quebec." 

What followed the battle f 

The city was shortly after entered by the British, 
and in the following year, 1760, the French sur- 
rendered • Montreal and all the other posts in 
Cauada. 

WJiere was the treaty of peace signed F 

On the 10th of February, 1763, a treaty was 
signed at Paris, in whic.h France ceded all her pos- 
iessions east of the Mississippi to Great Britain. 



atifiCAPITULATION. FRENCH ANu INDIAN WAR. 

Washington's journey to St. Pierre 1758. 

" expedition against Fort du Quesne .... 1754 

Braddock's defeat 1755. 

Battle near Lake George — Dieskau made prisoner .... 1755. 

Capture of Oswego by Montcalm 176«. 

Capture of Fort William Henry by Montcalm 1767 

Capture of Fort du Quesue by 'the^ English 1758. 

Capture of Louisburg, by Auiherst " 

Defeat of Abercrombie, and death of Lord Howe ... " 

Capture of Fort Fronteuac by Bradstreet ... ... " 

Capture of Fort Niagara 1759- 

Capture of Ticonderoea by Amherst " 

Taking of Quebec, an'd death of Wolfe " 

Trusty of Peace at Paris 178i 



lyTAT* OIF 'J'lIilllJJ 

CO L O N I E 

attlie close of Hie 

tFJLEXCIt ^ZSTDIASTTTAR^ 

dates otsettlemexits. 





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'ty^eniisyivajLia ^Y*^"" 






.' o:f 

/■iiitrnLth, 

-Vtjf^ cOiostiurU 

VII. '../'.i 




CJLrSJfiS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 49 



CHAPTER II. 

CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 
What led to the taxation of the colonies f 

The expense incurred by the English government 
in the prosecution of the French and Indian war, 
had greatly increased the national debt. To liqui- 
date this the British ministry deemed it necessary 
to tax the colonies. 

Of what was this taxation the cause P 

This attempt to impose taxation on the colonies 
for the pay ment of the debt incurred in the French 
and Indian war, was the prominent cause of the 
American revolution. 

WJien did the Stamp Act pass f 

In accordance with this plan of the ministry, the 
Stami) Act passed both houses of parliament in 
1765. 

What were the provisions of this act f 

This act provided that all instruments of writing, 
such as bonds, deeds, notes, together with printed 
pamphlets, newspapers, &c., should be executed on 
stamped paper, the duty on which should be paid 
to the crown. 

H(yw was the news of its passage received ? 

The news of the passage of this act was received 
with great indignation and alarm throughout the 
colonies. In Boston and Philadelphia, bells were 
mufUed and rung. At New York, the act way 
paraded through the streets with this inscription. 
" The folly of England, and the ruin of America." 

6 



50 CAUSKS OF TllK AMKKIC.OT REVOLUTION. 
What b<^i>tne of thf st<x4npsf 

The stain},>s were destrovod, the stamp officers 
meuiu'od, aiul the dt^tenninatiou of the people 
raised to the utmost pitch. 

What t>c<.'urnd in (Its assnnhHtsof lltyivia civt/ }fiiss<u'husrttif 

In the :\sseinbly of Virginia, Patrick lienrv dis- 
tinguished himself by his bold eloquence ; and in 
the sister assembly of Massachus<.nts, a resolution 
was passed, calling a convention of the colonies lor 
the defence of their rights. 

Where and tohen did the first Conpress meetf 

^^his lii^t Congress met at New York in (Vtober; 
nine colonies were present by their delegates, and 
Timothy lluggles, of Massachusetts, was chose^ 
president. 

Wlicit mcdsures tc<- re passed t 

A Declaration of Eights was passed, denying 
the right of Great IVntain to tax the colonies with- 
out a RErRESENTATiox IX PARLIAMENT; and me- 
morials were presented to the kintr and both 
houses. 

W7i'it ocdtrrrd ou the first of Xovetuber f 

On the lii'st of November, when the Stamp Act 
wi?nt into operation, the people closed their stores ; 
bells were tolled; but the most of the stam^xxl 
paper in the colonies had previously been de- 
stroyed. 

Metiiion the arran(jements made bt/ t\e merchants. 

An agreement was entered into by the colonial 
merchants to conduct business, i\s usual, without 
Btiimped paper ; and further, that they should im- 
port no goods until the repeal of the act. 

Pid thfSe- measurfs vrixhwr arty ejfect f 

This dctt^rmiued opposition had the desired effect : 



CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 51 

a change took place in the English ministry, and 
the Stamp Act was repealed, March, 1766. 

JJid this st'tie of thing tt long continue? 

The rejoicings in England and America for this 
event had scarce subsided, when, in the next year, 
a bill was passed by parliament, imposing a tax on 
paper, glass, painters colors, and tea. 

Who loan sent to overawe the colonist* f 

The excitement of the people again rose to a 
fearful height. They resisted the revenue officers, 
and General Gage ordered two regiments from 
Halifax to Boston, to overawe the citizens, Septem- 
ber, 1768. 

How did the people hear this new innult f 

By tliis movement the people were only still 
more exasperated ; (piarrels ensued between the 
citizens and soldiers ; and in an affray, March, 1770, 
several citizens were shot. 

T}id parliament remove any of ihe taxes f 

Parliament again made concessions, and the du- 
ti(;s were withdrawn from all articles except tea, 
which was taxed at the rate of threepence per 
pound. 

What effect did these concessions produce f 

These concessions did little towards allaying the 
discontent, for it was the principle of taxaivjn to 
v/hich they were opposed, and not the amount. 

What became of the tea at Charleston f 

Numerous shiploads of tea were sent to America 
At Charleston, the tea not allowed to be sold, was 
stored in damp cellars, and thus ruined. 

Atid at Boaton what occurred f 

At Boston^ permission to land it was refused 



52 CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

and a band of men, dressed as Indians, boarded tlie 
ghips, broke open the chests, and throwing the tea 
into the harbor, retired unmolested, in the presence , 
of thousands, December, 1773. 

What htil was now -passed, and why ? 

As a punishment for this, the English govern- 
ment passed the Boston port bill, and the custom- 
house was thereby removed to Salem. 

Did Congress approve the conduct of Massachusetts f 

On the other hand, the conduct of Massachusetts 
was highly approved of by the second colonial 
Congress, which met at Philadelphia, September, 
1774. 

"iVhat did Congress recommend ? 

This body also recommended that all commer- 
cial intercourse with Great Britain should be suspend 
ed ; again made a declaration of rights, and sent 
addresses to the king, and to the people of Great 
Britain and Canada. 

^V7lat is said of the Massachusetts Congress ? 

The Provincial Congress of Massachusetts voted 
to equip twelve thousand men and to enlist one- 
fourth of the militia, to be ready at a moment's 
notice. Throughout the other colonies like pre- 
parations were made. 

What is said of the movements of Oen. Gage ? 

In the mean time the British government was not 
idle. Gen. Gage, now governor, fortified Boston 
Neck, and seizing the arsenals of Cambridge and 
Charlestown, conveyed the military stores to B(^s- 
fcon. 

Were any steps taken to overawe the colonistir 

The inhabitants of Boston were declared rebels. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION". 63 



*ind ten thousand troops were sent to repress th« 
spirit of the people. 



RECAPITULATION 

Stamp Act passed March, 1765. 

First Ccftagress assembled at New- York .... October, 1765. 

Stamp Act repealed March, 1766. 

New oil! for taxin» glass, tea, (fee June, 1767. 

Gen. Gage ordered to Boston September, 1768. 

Affray in Boston March, 1779. 

Bosto'n Tea Party December, 1773. 

Second Colonial Congress September, 1774. 

Gen. Gage fortifies Boston Neck September, 1774. 



SECTION lY. 

AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

CAMPAIGN OF 1175. 

Wliat was the first movement of Gage in 1776 ? 

On the night preceding the 19th April, 1775, 
Gen. Gage secretly sent a detachment of eight hun 
dred men to destroy the public stores at Concord. 

What occurred on their march f 

The Americans, however, had received timely 
notice of the approach of the British troops, and 
to stop their progress, had assembled a member of 
railitia at Lexington. 

Did the militia stand their ground f 

This body of troo})S being attacked by the Brit- 
ish, was comj^elled to retreat with the loss of seven 
of its number. 

6» 



54 AilERICAX REVOLUTION. 



8t<Ue toheU occurred at Concord. 

Arrivinsr at Concord, the British destroyed some 
of the stores, but beirtcr attacked by fresh bodies of 
the militia, they were compelled to retreat under a 
constant and galling fire from every covert on their 
march. 

Were the British totally routed f 

Thev with difficulty reached Lexinsrton, where 
they were met by a reinforcement, which saved 
them from tot^l destruction, and enabled them to 
escape to Boston, although with the loss of two 
hundred and ei2;hty men. 

\Vhat teas the ejfcct of the battle of Lerinpton ? 

As the news of the battle of Lexington spread, 
the militia flocked in from all sides, and an army 
of twenty thousand men was soon encamped in the 
neichborhood of Boston. 

o 

Wltat xcai the coyidition of the British armyf 

The British army had also been increased by the 
arrival of reinforcements from England under 
Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne, and affairs 
at once assumed a threatening aspect. 

Describe the deferisive meas^iires undertaken by the Americans, 

To prevent the British forces from penetrating 
into the country, Boston Xeck was fortified, and a 
detachment of one thousand troops was sent under 
Col. Prescott to throw up an intrenchment on Bun- 
ker's Kill, which commanded Chariestown Xeck. 

^Miat mistake occurred f 

By some mistake he fortified Breed's Hill^ 
nearer Boston, and within reach of the British 
cannon in the harbor. 

Did the British quietly permit them to remain here f 

The position was strong, and on the morning o/ 



AMERICAN EEV0LUT10:N 60 



fche 17tli Jane, 1775, a body of tliree tlioiisand 
British, commanded by Gen. Howe, was sent to 
dislodge the Americans. 

Describe the attack of the British. 

Twice they marched steadily up till within a few 
rods of the American redoubt, when the Ameri- 
cans each time pouring upon them a deadly fii'e. 
drove them back in confusion. 

What was the issue of the battle f 

Fresh troops arriving under Gen. Clinton, the 
British made a third attack, and the Americans, 
without ammunition and without bayonets, re- 
treated slowly and without confusion across Charles- 
town Neck. 

State the loss on both sides. 

The loss of the British was one thousand m 
killed and wounded. The Americans lost but 
four hundred and fifty, but in that number was the 
lamented General Warren. 

Mention the spirited measures of Congress. 

The Continental Congress had now assembled ai 
Philadelphia. They passed spirited resolutions; 
voted to equip an army of twenty thousand men ; 
and appointed George Washington commander-in^ 
chief, June 15, 1775. 

MHiat v<i« Washingtc^^* age and position at this time f 

Washington was -t3 years of age, and a delegate 
to Congress from Virginia, when he received hij 
appointment. 

When did he arrive at Cambridge f 

He arrived at Cambridge, July 12, 1775, and as- 
sumed the command of the army, which then nuK> 
bered about fourteen thousand men. 



56 A^JERICAX REYOLmON. 

What frfy^ditioH V(W tf^nt out in S^^tftnb^r f 

While Wiishiiigtou was busily engaged in disci' 
plining his troops, and providing military stores 
an expedition was sent against Canada, undeT 
Gens. Schuyler and Montgomery, in September, 
1775. 

TI'Ad/ had prfi'ioiislu happfned in J/at// 

In May of tiiis year, Ethan Alien and Benedict 
Arnold had captured the torts of Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point, and with them a hundred pieces of 
c-\nnon ana military stores. 

JiTierf, and of tehai iinpK>rtance irrr? these jort$ t 

These two forts were situated on Lake Cham- 
plain, and commanded the entrance to Canada, 

State Montaom frit's success aaainst St Johtis. 

Bv this route, Generals Schuvler and Montc^om- 
ery proceeded against St. Johns, which surrendered 
to Montgomery, November 3d : Schuyler l>eing 
detained by sickness at Ticonderogx 

Whither did he then march f 

Montgomery then marched rapidly to ^fontreal, 
which surrendered on the 13th. lie then hastered 
to Quebec 

^V vhoin vas he joined, and tchat is said of this bajid? 

Here he was joined by Arnold's detachment 
which had ascended the Kennebec, crossed the 
mountains, and after incredible hardships from 
hunger and fatigue, was now waiting the arrival of 
Montgomery. 

Did the troop* now retnain idief 

After an unsuccessful siege of Quebec for three 
weeks, the troops moved early on the morning of 
December 31st, 1775, in the midst of a heavy 
snow storm, in four columns, to the assaiilt. 



Ml IN n \ ? 
QUEBEC 



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VICINITY OF PHILADCLPMU 




AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 57 



Givf thf parfieiilars of the assault. 

Moritgoiiiery ami liis two aids were slain by a 
discharge of grape, after they had passed the firs' 
barrier, and his corps fell back disheartened ; Ar 
nold had his leg shattered by a musket ball, while 
cheering on his division, and was borne from the 
field. 

Give the close of thr battle. 

Morgan at the liead of his riflemen then led the 
assault, and took a two-gun battery, but being 
overpowered by numbers his whole corps were 
made prisoners of war. The other columns re- 
treated and encamped above Quebec, under the 
command of Arnold. 

Describe Movtqomrriis character. 

Montgomery was a young man of uncommon 
merit, who had. distinguished himself in the French 
and Indian war, and his death was lamented by his 
friends and the country. After his death, the ex- 
pedition was abandoned. 



RECAPITULATION 1775. 

Battle of Lexinirton April 19. 

Capture of Tiooii.lorocrft and Crown Poii:t Ma/. 

Wasliinirton appointed cominandor-in-ohief Juno 15, 

Bjittle of Hunker Hill .lune 17. 

ftisgo of Q,ueboc and death of Montgomery . , . . Docciubor 8L 

—1776.— 

On Khat course did Washinrjton decide in the spring of 1776 I 

The month of March, 1776, had arrived, and the 
British were still confined to Boston and its iinme- 
vliate environs. Washington, therefore determine<J' 
'f possible ic compel them to evacuate the city. 



68 UiKRICAX RKVOLmOX. 



W%aS stfV4 ii.i t/ .*a.vy ''.>r tkijt yj.^i\wf 

For tbis p-iriv^e, ^ne eiwrea :\ line of works on 
Dorchester iieii;li:is wLiioh oominandevl the oiiv and 
harbor. 

Loi\i Howe, unable to dislodge the Americans 
fix>m this pvxsition, agreevl to leave the city, on ev>n- 
dition that he should not be exjxvsevl to the lire 
from Washington's kitteries. He then sailed lor 
nalif:\x, accompanied bv ^leen hundred ^nilies 
of loyalists, Mareh, 177^. 

AVashinsrton immevliatelv marchea his armv to 
Xew York, in order to defend that city against an 
anticipated attack bv Clinton. 

Upon hearing of this movement of Washington, 
Chnton changed his course, and sailed against 
Charleston South Carolina. 

BtMf Mtfnr tJkf p^ttriiii prfwtrfi U> rterhe him f 

The patriots of Carolina, however, were prepared 
for his arrival, and had already tbnided Sullivan's 
Lsiar ' ■ -• '?h controlled the entrance to the town, 
uivl ^ -ced Colonel Moultrie in command. 

Oi9€ ikf 4at*. mmdJSm jMri ^ tie mitmck. 

On the 2Sth of June, an attack was made bv 
Clinton: during its progress, three of his ?hi;>c 
were stranded, and his pliins were otherwise totally 
disarranged. 

IHd i\ s* frmatr^tt tM* mttmfk t 

A heavy bombardment was, however, earned c^ 
against the fort during eleven hours, but the militia 
behaved with the greatest cvX)lnes ; and being de 
fended bv the bulwarks of Palmetto wood. x?f which 



AMERICAN RK VOLUTION. 69 



{Jio fort was const nicte-l, repulsed the attack with 
success. 

State the loss, ami nsiilt of the battle. 

The loss of the patriots was but ten killed, and 
twenty-two wounded. ^IMie Britisli retired wiili the 
loss of two hundred men, luid soon after set sail for 
New York. 

What occurred in Congress on the ^th of June f 

Congress was at this time in session, and public 
opinion demanded of them decided measures. On 
the 7th of June, Kichard Henry Lcc, of Virginia, 
offered his celebrated resolution, " ^Phat these colo- 
nics are free and inde})endent states; that they 
are absolvinl from all alh^giance to the liritish 
crown ; and that all j>olitical connection between 
them and tlie state of Great Britain is, and ought 
to be, totally dissolved." 

How was this received f 

It was earnestly debated, passed with much oppo- 
sition, and a committee was ai^pomted to draft a 
Declaration of Independence. 

Bi/ whom was this written, and when passed f 

This paper, drawn up by ^I homas JcfUerson, of 
Virginia, fmally passed Congress; and the eolonici 
were declared " Krec and Independent States" on 
the 4th of July, 1776. 

Wltere had the British army encamped f 

Meanwhile, a British army of twenty-four thou- 
gand men, under the command of General liowc, 
had encamped on Staten Island. 

Where and in what state was the American army? 

The American army, disabled by siekncSvS, num 
fecrcd bat seventeen thousand able to bear aima^ 



f.O AAfERICAN RKVOLVTION. 

Rnd occupied the American camp at Brooklyn 
andor the command of Gcnonvl Putnam. 

H7ia/ »s SiiiJ of General Hotty's tnovftHfrnts f 

Geneitil Howe, determining to attack tlie Amer- 
icai^.s in lUis position, cros<t.\l over fi\>m Stateii 
Island, and landing lii^ troo}.v» at Utrecht and 
Gravesend, prooecvied slowly bv three routes to the 
attack. 

On the 27th of Aujirnst, two of these divisions 
moved forwaixi against the Americans, when a 
brisk eng-:\gement took place. l>v another route, 
Clinton, in command of the thiixi division, gained 
the rear of the Americans, and cut them off fix>m 
nheir camp. 

Wliat then ocrurtrdf 

In this divadful situation, exposed to the attacks 
of the British, front and rear, many weiv killed 
and taken prisonei'S, although some broke through 
and escaped. 

State thf fos9 OH both fidrs. 

The loss of the Americans was three thousand 
three hundred, while that of the British Wiis but 
four hundred. 

By tfMtit stii/ul mtimewrre did Was.k!v:t^>n skiv* thf rtfHaindet 
tf thf mrmy f 

On the second night at\er the engagement, Wa^^'b- 
inrton quietly withdrew his troo].\> fivm BrooklN u, 
without the kno\y ledge of the enemy. 

In ftkat dirttticH did he rttmU f 

He then retreated to the heisrhts of Harlem, ai^i 
afterwards to White Plains, where a battle wv;? 
fought^ Octol>er 2Stb, in which the Americans wr*^ 
defeated. W:vshington then fell back to No"*') 
Cn-^^tle, closely pursued by Howe. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



61 



Did he aftertmrds change his route f 

The pursuit then somewhat slackened, rth] 
Wasliington crossed the Hudson with his arrnj, 
and entered New Jersey, having left a garrison to 
defend Fort Washington on the east side of the 
river. 

Did the for f remain in the pofisession of the Americana f 

The fort, however, was taken, after an obstinate 
defence, by General Uowe. In the attack, he 
lost one thousand men. 

Describe the proffrens of the enemy. 

The enemy then crossed the Hudson, took Fort 
Lee, which was abandoned, together with a great 
amount of military stores, and pursued Washing' 
ton, who hastily retreated through New Jei'sey, 
and crossed the Delaware on the 8th of December 

What happened to the American feet ? 

To complete the misfortunes of the Americans, 
their fleet was blockaded in Providence river. 

WJtat is said of Washinc/ton^s movements f 

Undismayed by such a train of disasters, AYash- 
ington recrossed the Delaware on the night of the 
25th of December ; and at eight o'clock on tho 
morning of the 26th, attacked a body of one thou- 
sand five hundred Hessians, stationed at Trenton. 

Describe the battle of Trenton. 

The Americans moved in two divisions; one 
look the road by the river, the other a rond more 
inland. The Hessians, sleepy with the effects of 
their Christmas debauch, were speedily overpow- 
ered, their commander was slain, and one thousand 
surrendered themselves prisoners of war. 

WJiat effect d>d this produce f 

Such sudden and unlooked-for success, revived 



62 AMERICAN REVOLLTIO^. 



the hopes of the Americans, and Washington de- 
termined to take post at Trenton, and commence 
oiiensive operations. 



RKCArrXl'LATION* — 177G. 

British eTacr.At« Boston March. 

Attack on Fort Moultrie by the British June iJSth 

IXvlaratioii of lndo}v.ndeuoe ,1uiy 4th. 

Battle of l.i^ns: Island Auunst '27th. 

of Whito Plains Ootobor 2Sth. 

Captnre of Fort Washincton November 16tb. 

*• ofFortlA'e NovemWr ISth. 

Wasliiuirton retreats across the Delaware • . . December Sth. 
B«ttld of Treutou Deoouibei 26lh. 



— 1 i i ( . — 

At Trentoji, Wiishington was joined by Grenerals 
Miftiin and Cadwallader, with the other divisions 
of the American army. 

H'j^o advancfid trj^Ti'^iSt him, <T»J<f vhnj f 

Upon this position Cornwallis advanced on the 
2d of January, but the attack was reserved far the 
morning of the third. 

IIo» did Wa*hinpton extricatf khns^J/f 

W;\shington, finding himself in danger of being 
hemmed in by a superior force, struck his tents, 
sent off his hcAvy oaggage to Burlington, and 
leaving his camp firow burning, marched rapidly 
to Princeton, where, at sunrise on tlie third of 
January, he attacked! another division of the 
British, on its way to join Cornwallis. 

Give an acco%iait of thf haitle of Prin^ton^ 

A c<.^himn of American militia led by Genera; 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION, »58 



Mercer, at first gave way; but the main body 
coming up, the British were compelled to letreat 
with the loss of lour hundred killed and wounded. 
The Americans lost but one hundred men, but 
among these was the brave General Mercer. 

Why did Wofihinyton retreat, and whither f 

Cornwallis coming up, Washington retreated in 
good order to the heights of Morristown, where he 
passed the remainder of the winter. 

To what coiintry had agents been sent, and with what success f 

In the year 1776, congress had sent Silas Deane 
and Benjamin Franklin to P'rarice, to obtain assist- 
ance from the French government. This aid the 
latter was unwilling to grant. 

Wfiat distinguished man arrived in 1777 ? 

Many private persons, however, gave freely, 
among the rest, the Marquis de ]jafayette, who, 
fitting out a vessel at his own expense, arrived 
early in the year 1777. He joined the army, and 
was shortly after made major-general. 

Describe TryovUs expedition. 

In April, General Tryon, with a body of two 
thousand troops, landed between Fairfield and 
Norwalk ; but proceeding to Danbury, he was at- 
tacked by the militia, and driven back to his ship- 
ping, with the loss of three hundred men. 

WJtat is said of the movetnents of Ocn, Howe f 

In the month of June, Gen. Howe began to pux 
his troops in motion; but being closely watched 
by Wa^ington, and unable to bring him to a 
pitched battle, he crossed over to Staten Island. 

After embarking, where did he go f 

Embarking his troops on board the squadron, 
which waited to receive him, he sailed round Gap« 



fH AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

Henry, and passing up the Chesapeake, landed 
aear Elk river, in Maryland. 

Did Washington make a stand against Howe? 

Washington, having recrossed the Delaware, re- 
tired across the Brandywine, and prepared to dis- 
pute the passage of the British at Chad's ford. 

Wliat is said of the battle f 

Gen. Howe, by a skilful manoeuvre, passing 
higher up, crossed the river without opposition, 
fell upon the right of the Americans, and compel- 
led them to retreat, with the loss of one thousand 
men. The Marquis of Laftiyette was among the 
wounded. 

When was it fought? 

The battle of the Brandywine, sometimes called 
the battle of Chad's ford, was fought on the 11th 
of September. 

When did Howe enter Philadelphia ? 

In spite of all the efforts of Washington, Howe 
steadily advanced, and entered Philadelphia on the 
26th of September. 

What is said of the situation of the British troops f 

The British general quartered four regiments in 
Philadelphia. The bulk of his army was encamp- 
ed at Germantown, about ten miles distant. 

What happened to the main division on the 4<A of October f 

This main body was soon after weakened by the 
withdrawal of several detachments to the Delaware, 
and in this condition was attacked by Washington, 
before sunrise on the morning of the ith of October, 

Whal is said of the early part of the battle ? 

In the early part of the engagement the enemj 
were compelled to fall back, but the progress o/ 



AMERICAN RESOLUTION, 66 



iLe Americans was stopped by a stone house, into 
wbicli several British regiments had thrown them- 
selves, and which resisted all the efforts of Greene's 
division to expel thera. 

Give an account of what followed. 

The morning proved dark and foggy. The dif- 
ferent divisions of the army became separated, and 
Washington was unable to communicate with the 
heads of the divisions. In this state of confusion 
the British rallied, and repulsed the Americans 
with the loss of twelve hundred men. The loss of 
the enemy v/as scarcely half that number. 

WJiat is said of Forts Mercer and Mifflin f 

Two posts, named Forts Mercer and Mifflin, on 
opposite sides of the Delaware below Philadelphia, 
and which completely cut off Howe's communica- 
tion with his fleet, Vv^ere still in possession of the 
Americans. Hopes were entertained, that if these 
could be held, Howe would be compelled to evao 
uate Philadelphia. 

Describe the attack on Fort Mercer. 

These hopes were strengthened by the repulse of 
u British force, under Count Donop, which attacked 
P'ort Mercer on the night of the 22d of October. 
Donop himself was slain with four hundred of his 
men. The American loss was only thirty-two. 

Did the British renew the attack on the forts? 

The British renewed their operations by attack- 
ing Fort Mifflin, on the 10th of November. They 
erected a battery on a neighboring island, and be- 
ing assisted by their ships, opened a heavy can- 
nonade. 

Wliat in d-Mid of tJie conduct of the garrison, ana the result f 

Tha garrison behaved with the utmost bjavery, 

A* 



66 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

uud eacli night labored to repair the damage done 
to their works ; but these steadily crumbled under 
the heavy tire of the enemy, ana at length, on the 
night of the 16th, thev left the fort. Two daja 
after, Fort Mercer was also abandoned. 

^Vll^1t t.< said of thf position of Ho%e^ and Washinpton f 

Sir William Uowe had now the entire command 
of the Delaware, ai'd the season being lar advance(*, 
Washington drew oft' his troops, and on the 11th 
of December went into winter-quarters at Valley 
Forge, between twenty and thirty miles west of 
Philadelphia. 

Give the stiite of the Amrriccin amiv at Vail ft) Forgf. 

Here the troops suftered severely for want of 
food and clothincr. One half were destitute of 
shoes, and often there Wi\s not a day's provisiong 
in camp. Desertions multiplied, and it required 
all the influence of Washington to maintain the ap- 
pearance of an army. 



burgoyne's expedition*. 

What anny invaded the States in the month of June f 

In the month of June, 1777, an expedition was 
«ent from Canada, consisting of British and In- 
dians, to the number of about ten thousand, unde'' 
General Burgoyne. 

^V^lat teas the route and ol'ject of the expedition f 

Their route was by way of Lake Champlain, and 
the object was to open a communication with Lim- 
ton, at New York, and thus cut odf the eastern 
from the mi idle states. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. (J? 



Did any force come round by Lake Ontario f 

In addition to this army under Burgoyne, a small- 
er force, under St. Leger, had been dispatched by 
way of Oswego, to capture Fort Schuyler on the 
Mohawk, and thereafter join General Burgoyne. 

By whom was St. Leger opposed, and with what success ? 

St. Leger was opposed in his attempt by the mi- 
litia, under General Herkimer, who was unfortu- 
nately slain, and also by the garrison of the fort, 
which made a vigorous sally, and occasioned him 
considerable loss. 

What was the result of the expedition f 

Hearing of the approach of Arnold to the assist- 
ance of the garrison, and being deserted by the 
Indians, St. Leger was compelled to retreat, with- 
out effecting his object. 

Against what post did Burgoyne proceed f 

Burgoyne. with the main army, pressed on to- 
wards Ticonderoga, which was then garrisoned by 
an American force under St. Clair. 

What did he do when he arrived here f 

Burgoyne immediately invested the place, and 
planted his artillery on Mount Defiance, which 
commanded the fort. 

Did St. Clair make any great opposition f 

St. Clair and his garrison being under the entire 
control of the British cannon, determined to retreat 
on the night of the 5th of July. 

Mention tfie misfortune* during tht retreat. 

The retreat was conducted in two divisions ; bm 
ihe British pursuing them, captured a great quan- 
tity of baggage and military stores at Skeenesbor 
ougb^ belonging to one oi these divisiona. 



^s AMSLRIC-LX REVOLmOX. 



At ii u L l> vriton :ilso, ihe Br:::sli came np witi 
die Americans on :iie 7th of J-lIv, and «ie:eatod 
iheni w-ith severe loss. 

W\:J if ft;Ti J o/ FcTt JSdmard «W tt* frmrrisvm ' 

Fort Edward w;as the next post on tlie route ol 
Burgovne, Gen. Soiiuvler, who commanded it, on 
learn inz the capture of Ticonderoga fell back with 
his M:ile armv to the mouth of the mohawk river. 



Owing to file state of the roads; which had been 
cut up and destiv^yed by Schuyler's orders, the 
Briiish wer^ delayed three weeks on their man^ 
to Fv>rt Edward. 



Witt ttramd mftrr Jkarmsme* terriml •t Rrt £fmarii 

On Biirgoyne's arrival there, he found himself 
straitened tor 'orovisions, and sent a small force to 
Bennington under Colonel Baum to seize the Amer- 
ican stores. 

Col. Baum was m^ by tien. Stuk and the Green 
Mountain boys and defeated, he himself being 
slain. A leinfixoanent seat by Buigoyne was also 
VKSi and defeated the same day. August Idth by 
C6L Wainer. 



The Ivxss of the British m the two battles wa? 
Ofter ax hundred; that of the Americans abo^J 
one-sixth of that number. 



In this slate of a^^dis, Bnrgovne drtermined tc 
move forward, and ^[icamped at Stillwater on On 
I8th of Sei>tiKaber. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 6f» 



^liert vas the American armij, and by uhor.i com v. a ?jr7-cii. 

Tlie American army, which had been increa-sed 
by arrivals of Eastern miUtia, w:is commanded bj 
Gen. Gates, who had been appointed general of the 
Dorthern army in place of bchuyler, and was en- 
oamj)ed about two miles off. 

]Vhat is said of the Jir3t battle of Sfilhcafer f 

On the following day, the 19th, both armies met, 
and a furious eniiatrement took place without an*-- 
decisive result, although the British maintained 
their position with heavy loss. 

Whitt teas the state of both armies for some time after this f 

Both armies remained quiet for nearly four 
weeks after the battle. Burgoyne having fortified 
Lis camp, anxiously expected a;?sistance from New 
\"ork, while he wa^ closely watched by Gates. 

Describe the battle of the 1th of October. 

On the 7th of October, Burgoyne made an attack 
on the American lines. This brought on a despe- 
rate battle, in which the British suffered dreadfully, 
and were tinally compelled to retreat, with the losa 
of four hundred men. 

Was Aruold enpac/ed in this battle f 

Gen. Arnold, although without any command 
under Gates, threw himself into the thickest of the 
battle, and by his valor mainly contributed to the 
iuccess of the day. 

Give the closing account of Bnrpoyne's career. 

After this, Burgoyne fell back to Saratoga, and 
there finding himself unable to break through the 
militia that had flocked in from all quarters, being 
ivithout provisions and without hopK?, he surren- 
dered his army, to the number of five thousand 
men, prisoners of war, October 17th, 1777. 



70 AMERICAN REVOLLTIO.N. 

W7ta4 tetll niph brol-e of the nepoiiatiom for t/tf rurrfrxdtr f 

On the night previous to the surrender, Bur- 
govne received notice of Clinton's approach from 
New York to his j^istance. He had serious 
thoughts of breaking off the negotiation, but 
finally decided to sign the papers, 

VThmt is $aid of CUntoii f 

Clinton, wlio had already taken Forts Clinton 
and Mont-g-omery, and had passed up as far as the 
villag-e of Kingston, which he burned, on learning 
the surrender of Bursrovne, immediatelv returned 
to New York. 

Ho^ teas ihf nem rece i ved Mrow^Aoirf the eoutUrjff 

The capture of Burgoyne diffused the greatest 
jov and hope throughout the country, and com- 
pletely relieved the American army from the fears 
of a northern invasion. 



KSCAPirrLATios — 1777, 

Bdttle of Prinoeton Jannarr ?d, 

Laiayette arrives from Fnmc© . June. 

Trro'n's expedition to Xorwalk and Fairfield ApriL 

Battle of Chad's forvi. or Brandvwine September 11th. 

Battle of Gennantown . . . ' Octcoer 4tli. 

Evacuation of Forts ^fflin and Mercer .... NovemV.T 1»-1S. 

E"rE>-rs I>* THK NOKfH. 

Tbe British under Barcr-^viie take Tieonderoga . . . . J nly *th. 
Defeat of St. Lecer at Fort Sciiuyler ...".... Auirust Sth. 

Battle of Benuiiio:ton August 16th. 

First KsrJo of Stillwater Se; tember 19th. 

Skecond " " October Tth. 

Surrender of BuTgovne October iTth 

— 177S.— 

What i$ $cid of the Emglish covfmment at the hecinnin^ o 

The year 177S opened with brighter Drospecta 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 71 



The English government, astonished at the capture 
of Burgoyne, began to hsten to the complaints of 
the nation, and made offers towards a settlement 
of difficulties. 

How were these offers received f 

These offers were promptly rejected by Congress, 
and the British Co-mmissioners being discovered in 
an attempt to bribe the members, were ordered 
to leave the country. 

WJiat treaty was made in February ? 

On the 6th of February, a treaty of alliance with 
France was signed at Paris, by which she bound 
herself to assist America in its struggle for inde- 
pendence. 

What assistance was given f 

Agreeably to this treaty, a French fleet under 
D'Estaing sailed from France. 

When and why was Philadelphia evacuated f 

The British general, Clinton, who had succeeded 
Howe in command, fearing for the safety of hia 
army should D'Estaing and Washington make a 
combined attack, evacuated Philadelphia on the 
18th of June. 

WoA Clinton followed f 

His army of eleven thousand men was followed 
by Washington, who came up with it at Mon- 
mouth, when a spirited engagement took place, 
June 28th. 

What occurred at the beginning of the battle? 

In the commencement of the engagement, Gen. 
Lee, w^ho had command of the advanced corps, waa 
twice compelled to retreat. 

Wai Washington successful f 

The main Dody, however, remained firm, and the 



72 AMERICAN EEVOLUTIOj^. 

engagement was continued througlioiit the d&y 
The loss of the British in killed and wounded was 
about four hundred and fifty, that of the Ameri 
cans was stated at three hundred and thirty. Sev- 
eral on both sides died from the heat of the dav. 

Did the JE^nglish arrny refnain at Monmouth t 

During the night Clinton broke up his order of 
battle, and retreated rapidly to Xew York. 

State what is said of Genera! Lee. 

Geiieral Lee, who had been reprimanded by 
Washington during the battle, challenged his com- 
mander; was then arrestevi, and tried by a court 
martial, and suspended from the army for one year. 

What eTpedition was now planned f 

Washington now sent a body of troops under 
Gren. Sullivan to co-operate with Count D'Estaing 
in an attack on Gren. Pigot's army, st^ationed et 
Newp<">rt, Ehode Island. 

rid jyEstaing prove of any tuststixnct f 

But the French fleet being severely shattered in 
a storm, when about to engage the deet of Lord 
id owe, was compelled to sail to Boston to repair 
d^maores, 

o 
What occurred on the 29f A of A lur^st ? 

Sullivan thereupon deemed it wise to fall back 
to the northern part of the island, whither he was 
followed by Gen. Pigot, on the 29th, when a sharp 
engagement took place, in which the British were 
repulsed with the loss of two hundred and sixty. 

What was th'i next movement of Sullivan? 

Next night Sidlivan crossed over to the main 
land, and thus narrowly escaped falling into the 
hiiiids of Clir»ton, who with four thousan i men wa** 
h:iStening to the relief of Gen. Pigot 



AMERICAN HE VOL U^ITO.T. '^3 



WTiai happened at Witoming, Pennsylvania, in July ? 

In the month of July, a body of Tories and 
Indians, under Butler and Brandt, burst into the 
fertile valley of Wyoming, laid waste the settle- 
ments, and slew a body of the inhabitants who 
opposed them. 

Give the closing account of their atrocities. 

They then attacked and took the two forts, and 
setting fire to the barracks, where the inhabitants 
had taken refuge, men, women, and children were 
consumed. 

W7iat afterwards became of Butl^ ? 

Butler was afterwards shot by a party sent to 
revenge these cruel murders. 

Wliere and when were these atrocities repeated? 

The cruelties at Wyoming were repeated at 
Cherry Yalley, New York, in November of the 
same year, but the fort was not taken, although 
many were murdered and made prisoners. 

Whither was the seat of wa/r now changed ? 

The attention of the British was now directed 
towards the Southern States, and about the last of 
November, Col. Campbell was dispatched from 
New York by Clinton with two thousand men, 
Kgainst Savannah, the capital of Georgia. 

What occurred on the 29th of December ? 

On the 29th of December, the British landed 
about three miles fi'om the town, and attacked 
G^n. Robert Howe, who with six hundred regulai^ 
and a few hundred militia, worn out by disease 
apposed their progress. 

(?*'♦« an account of the battle. 

At the commencement of the battle » portion oi 

1 



74: AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



the enemy gained tlie rear of tlie Americans, while 
at the sume time the British advanced in front. A 
disastrous retreat followed. One hundred were 
killed, thirty-eight officers and four hundred pri- 
vates made prisoners, and forty-eight pieces of 
cannon with all the miUtary stores taken. 

WJuit followed f 

Thus Savannah fell into the hands of the enemy 
at the comparatively trifling expense on their part 
of seven killed and nineteen wounded. 



RECAPITULATION 1778. 

TroRty of Alliance with France February 6th. 

Battle of Monmouth June '28th. 

iiassivcro of "Wyoming J uly. 

Battle of Rhode Island Ausjust 2yth 

Massacre at Cherry Valley Novembe • 

Battle of Savannah December SdtL 



—1779.— 

Wliat was the first extent of 1779 f 

On the 9th of January, 1779, Sunbury, the only 
remaining military post in Georgia, was captured 
by General Prevost, who now took the command 
01 the British forces in the South. 

Who WM sent against the British f 

To prevent the ravages of the British troops 
and Tories who now scoured the country, General 
Ash was sent against them with two thousand 
men. 

Oif»« an aeeount of the battle of B^iar Creek. 

On the 8d of Ma'ch, Greneral Prevost suddenly 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 78 

attacked this detacliment at Briar Creek, in front, 
while the river hemmed them in on the rear. The 
American army was ahnost destroyed. 

Whitfier did General Frevost now march ? 

General Prevost, elated with success, advanced 
to Charleston, South Carolina, but the timely arri- 
val of Lincoln compelled him to raise the siege. 

Sta'e what is said of Stono Ferry. 

Lincoln can^ie up with the British, and the battle 
of Stono Ferry was fought on the 20th of June. 
The Americans were compelled to retreat, with 
considerable loss. 

What took place about the -in'tddle of Septemher ? 

About the middle of September, the army con- 
sisting of three thousand French troops under 
Count D'Estaing, and one thousand Americana 
under General Lincoln, laid siege to Savannah, 
then held by General Prevost. 

What is said of the sierje and of Count D'Estaing ? 

By the 1st of October, the besiegers had pushed 
their batteries within three hundred yards of the 
British lines ; but D'Estaing anxious for the safety 
of his fleet in the advancing season, was unwilling 
to continue a regular siege, and nothing was left 
but t'O attempt the works by storm. 

Give an account of tfce assa%ilt. 

On the morning of the 9th of October, the com- 
bined army advanced in three columns to the 
a3sault, but they were received so v,^armly, that 
although the French and American standards were 
planted on the walls, the besiegers were finally 
repulsed v/ith the severe loss of one thousand 
men. 



4^» AMERICAN IIEVOLUTIO^. 



Jiyrt any distin^tished persona killed ot wonmled w t^e 

Coil at Pulaski, a distiiiguislied Pole, who ha»i 
joiuod the American cause, was mortally wounded 
al the head oi' a column; and the Count D\Kstain^, 
with several of his princip;vl oilicers, Wi\s wouudeS. 
The loss of the British was only lil\y-tive. 

r 

\MMt were the movetnents of the l^Yench and American cen- 
trals/ 

D'Estaing -sailed shortly after this repulse to the 
West Indies, and General Lincoln reci'ossed the 
Savannah, and fell back into South Carolina. 

Was this the last et'ent of the yt\tr f 

This unfortunate defeat closed the events of the 
year in the South. 

What is said of Govenior 2yi\>nf 

In the North. Governor Tryon conducted two 
nivirauding expeditious into Connecticut^ in Febru- 
ary and July ; and after plundering the inhabitants, 
ourncvl ti^e villager of East liaven, Fairiield, and 
Norwalk. 

Wh*U forts feil tnto the h.mds of the British f 

About tlie beginning of June, the forts at Stonv 
Point and Verplanck's Point were surrendered t-o 
Clinton. 

Did Washinci^^u <piietli/ tU^cn» the British to retain f^^ssestion 
if these forts f 

Washiuixton deemed the*?e posts of so much im- 
portance, that he formed a plan for the recapture 
of Stony Point, and for this dangerous yet honora- 
ble service he selected General Wayne. 

Gite an a<vi>uni of the assttnlt. 

At twelve o'cLx^k on the night of the 15th of July, 
the trcK^ps, in two columns, stormed the fort amid a 



4.MEKICAN KEVOLUTION. 77 



heavv tire of grape and miipketrv. So \ igorous 
was ilie attack, that at one o'ck)ck the heads of" 
Ihe two columns met in the centre of the works, 
which thej had carried at the point of the bayonet, 
and without firino; a sins-le shot. 

o o 

What was thM loss on both sides? 

Tlie loss ol the British in killed was sixty -three , 
in prisoners five hundred and forty-three; and, in 
addition, a considerable quantity of military stores 
was taken. The loss of the Americans did not ex- 
ceed one hundred. 

JIoio was this action regarded? 

This spirited and brilliant action created a lively 
sensation throughout the country, and Congress 
voted General Wayne a g6ld medal for his bravery. 

By what success was this follov;ed? 

Three days after, the British garrison at Paulua 
Hook was attacked by Major Lee, and one hundred 
and sixty prisoners taken. 

Tn v>hat way were the. massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Valley 
mveiKjed ? 

The Tories and Indians, on the borders of New 
Y'ork and Pennsylvania, now met with summary 
vengeance at the hands of General Sullivan, who 
wjis sent thither with four thousand men. 

Oive the results of Sulliva7i's expedition. 

The bloody battle of the Chemung, August 29th, 
{n which the enemy were defeated with tremen- 
dous loss, was followed by the burning of forty 
Indian villages, and immense supplies of corn. 
Thus the power of the Indians was completely 
broken. 

W'lai -laval act^ci took place in S^cpfeynh'-^ ' 

In the month of September, a small squadron, 



73 AMERICAN REYOLUTIO^ 

fitted out in France, but in the American service, 
and commanded by Paul Jones, while cruising off 
the coast of Scotland, fell in with two British fri 
gates and a convoy. 

How was the battle commenced F 

The battle commenced at half-past seven at night, 
and Jones lashed his ship, the Bonhomme Eichard, 
to the Serapis, commanded by Captain Pearson. 

M^at was Jones' success? 

At ten at night the Serapis surrendered, but 
Jones' vessel was so shattered, that she sunk soon 
after. The other British frigate was also captured. 

How did the army pass the vnnter of ^^9 ? 

The winter of 1779 repeated the same distress in 
the American winter-quarters that was experienced 
at Valley Forge, in 1777. 

Describe the condition of the troops. 

The troops were again without clothing ; famine 
stared them in the face, and Congress was unable 
to supply their wants. Public credit had well-nigh 
ceased, and nothing but the influence of Washing- 
ton, and the patriotism of the troops, prevented tho 
total dissolution of the army. 



RECAPITDXATION 1779. 

Bttttle of Briar Cree-k, Mjtroh 8 

rryon's Expeditions, • February and JuIt 

Capture of Stony Point, ' July lotrx 

Siege cf Savannah, October %ih 

Pan) Jonoe' Victory, . , , September 2S<i 



IMERICAN REVOLITT^N. 7^ 



__1780.— 

WfiitJv^-r J^ Clinton proceed in the spring q/" 1780t 

Clinton, assisted by Admiral Arbuthnot with tic 
ti'eet, proceeded against Charleston, in Ff^bruarv, 
but did not commence a regular siege till the Ist 
of April. 

WJint m>iasures did he then takef 

While the British general in successive parallels, 
gradually approached the American works, Web- 
ster and Tarleton were dispatched to attack the 
American cavalry, stationed at Monk's Corner, 
about thirty miles above Charleston. 

Oive an account of the battle of Monlc's Corner, and its result. 

The attack was confided to Tarleton, who, ob 
the 14th of April, fell suddenly upon the Amen- 
<3ans in the night ; killed and took about one hun- 
dred, capturing fifty store wagons, and about four 
hundred horses, and thus completely cut ofi" Lin- 
coln's communications with the country. 

What is said of the progress of the siege f 

General Clinton continued the bombardment 
with vigor; Lincoln's guns were nearly all dis- 
mounted, his troops were worn out with fatigue, 
his shot and provisions were exhausted, and thr 
British approached so near, that thej picked the 
men off from the guns. 

What followed on the \2th of May i 

In this situation, seeing no hope of assistance, 
an-d being earnestly petitioned by the inhabitants, 
he, on the 12th of May, surrendered the garrison, 
to the number of two thousand men, prisoner? o/ 
wax. 



80 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



Wliat disasters followed ? 

Carolina was now overrun by the British, tl 
^st of Ninety-six taken, and Colonel Tarleto 
rendered himself notorious by the massacre of 
body of four hundred Americans at Waxha" 
Creek, May 29th, after they had laid down the 
arms. 

What is said of Sumter f 

This and similar excesses roused the spirit of tt 
Carolinians, and Colonel Sumter taking the fiel( 
on the 6th of Ausrust attacked three hundred c 
the enemy at Hanging Rock, nine of whom onl 
escaped. 

Who now appeared for the relief of Carolina? 

Ivfeanwhile General Gates, who had been a] 
pointed by Congress to the comm-and of the Souti 
em army, was approaching with four thou&ac 
men. 

Where and when did the British meet Gates ? 

The British, under Corwallis, met him at Sai 
der's Creek, August 16th, where was fought ti 
first battle of Camden. 

WJtut occurred ai thf beginning of the engagement f 

A regiment of Virginia militia lied at the fir 
fire, and their terror was speedily communicate 
to the rest of the militia, who then broke up i 
utter disorder. 

IIoijD did the battle tertninate f 

The continentals, in two separate divisions, mail 
taine i their ground for several hours with tl: 
greatest firmness, but being attacked by Tarleton 
cavalry, and overpowered by numbers, they wej 
compelled to retire. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 81 



WJiat i$ said of the dhattroua lo^ of the Americans f 

The victory of the British was complete. Tlie 
Americans lost nearly two thousand, in killed, 
wounded, and prisoners, together with the baggage, 
etores, and artillery. The brave Baron de Kaib 
died from the effects of eleven wounds, and Gen- 
eral Gates, with a few friends, fled to Ilillsboro., a 
distance of eighty miles. 

What is said of Tarleton and Sumter ? 

Tarleton now followed up^ this success, by the 
pursuit of Colonel Sumter, whom he surprised at 
the fords of the Catawba, and put nearly all his 
troops to the sword. 

Who was sent into North Carolina ? 

Lord Cornwalli« thinking South Carolina sa^fe, 
sent Colonel Ferguson, with a body of troops, into 
North Carolina, intending himself to follow him. 

How was this expedition of FergvsorJs received? 

Roused by Ferguson's cruelties, one thousand 
picked men from the neighboring country, armed 
with rifles, and on horseback, under Colonel Wil- 
liams of Virginia, suddenly attacked him at King's 
Mountain, October 7th. 

Describe the battle of Kino's Mouniain. 

The battle was exceedingly obstinate and bloody; 
one hundred and fifty tories were killed ; Ferguson 
himself was slain, and the remainder, to the num- 
ber of eight hundred, surrendered. The American 
loss was but twenty. 

I^^iat uas the effect of this battle f 

This checked the progress of Cornwallis, and 
compelled him to a retrograde movement. 

What occurred during his march f 

On his march, Generals Marion and Sumter con- 



82 axericax revolutiox. 



Btantlv harassed his outposts. Tarleton w.os sent 
against Sumter, but on this occasion was driven 
back with considerable loss. 

H'hai Assisianc^ k<id arrived ai y<rtep<>rtf 

In the mean time, six thousand men under Count 
de Eoohambeau. and a fieet under Admiral de 
Tiernay, arrived at 2'\"ewport firom France. 

IHd tke . J^Wndb mnmjf mnd naaey promt iif gvtmi terwiee dmrmg 

17S0! 

Great expectations were formed firom this assist- 
ance: but to the extreme dissatisfaction of the 
American people, thev remained idle during the 
year. 

Wk^ nam kappemei ik tke ITortJk f 

Treason in the North was now addevi to disaster 
in the South. 

WMo if*M tMf trait&ry and tekiti it said of Aim f 

General Arnold, who by his brilliant conduct at 
Quebec and Saratoga had won a distinguished rep- 
nuition, had been appointed commandant at Phila- 
delphia, on its evacuation by Clinton, in 1775. 

Df scribe his carf^r at Philadelphia 

Here he lived expensively, gambled, and, to sup- 
ply his wants, embezzled the public funds. IJc 
was at length discovered, tried, found guilty, and 
reprimand«?d by Washiiiffton. 

S<m Sd he rerenpe khmtei/t 

Burning with revenge, he had still influence 
enough to obtain the command at West Point, 
which he oflered to surrender to Clinton for 
£10.000, and the commission of brigadier-general 
in the British arm v. 

Tr\ .- -, **i»/ ^ Cliniotk to mak* At mrrmmpevfent* f 

y. udre, aid-de-camp to Clinton, proceeded 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 8? 



to vYesL Point, and arranged tlie plans for the sui- 
render of the fort. 

W7iat happened to A ndre on his return f 

On his return by land, he was taken by three 
militia-men, Paulding, Willia.ms, and Van Wort, 
iearched, and the plans for surrender "vjere found 
concealed in his boots. 

How was Arnold saved from punishment by Indref 

On his arrest, he was allowed to write to Arnold, 
who escaped precipitately to New York. 

Give an account of Andre' s fate. 

Andre was tried by a court-martial, but despite 
his noble bearing, and the deep interest his judges 
took in him, he was condemned and executed as a 

spy. 

Mention what is »aid of the public feeling. 

His fate excited a lively sympathy among all par- 
ties, and the name of Benedict Arnold was loaded 
with universal execration. 



RECAPITULATION 1 780. 

Surrender of Charleston I^lay 12 

Battle of Waxhuw Creek, May 29. 

French fleet ami army arrive from Franco, July 1,\ 

Battle of ITane^ing Kock, Aug. 6. 

" ** Sander's Creek — First battle of Camden, .... Aug. IS. 

" " King's Mountain, Oct. 7. 

Arnold'«i treason, Septeintier. 

—1781.— 

What wus the state of tJie army during this winter ? 

The distresses of the army for want of pay, 
'^lothes, and provisions, had increased to an alarm- 
ing state during the winter of 1780-81. 



84 AMERICAN REVOLUTIO^f. 



^^\U is said of the mutiuv of the troops f 

On Uie fim day of January, 1781, one thousand 
three hundred troops of the Pennsylvania hne, un- 
able longer to endure their sufferings, began their 
march to Congress to obtain relief. 

Did the ojftctrs oppose the m^xf 

Their othcej-s tried to prevent their progress, bui 
without avail, -and one oi' them Wiis shot in the at- 
tempt. 

Wliat else occuned &>» their march f 

On their march, three agents from Clinton met 
them, and endeavored to entice them into the Brit- 
ish service. These the troops seized and delivered 
up as spies. 

How teas the tnutiny stopped ? 

At Princeton and Trenton, commissioners from 
Congress came to meet them. Arrangements were 
made to relieve their present wants, and many of 
them were tinallj persuaded to retui'n to the 
service. 

Who assisted the nation preatli/ at this time f 

It is to Hobort Morris, of Philadelphia, that the 
honor of preserving the sinking credit of the nation 
at this critical moment is justly due. 

^^llat important enterprise teas undfrtake'i f 

At his instigation the Bank of North America 
was established ; to this he contributed his private 
fortune and credit. Encouraged by his exmnple, 
others did the same; and thus American affairs 
bt^gan to assunie a more flourishing aspect. 

WTio troi now appointed general of the Southern army, and 
tfhy / 

The bad success of General Gates induced Con- 
gress to appoint Gen. Greene to the command ol 
tiie Southern arm}'. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 85 

W7iat was the first movement of Oreenef 

Greene immediately commenced active opera- 
lions, and sent one lialf of his forces under Mor- 
gan, who had distinguished himself at Quebec, to 
repress the excesses of the Tories in South Carolina 

What British officer teas sent against Morgan f 

Colonel Tarleton was dispatched by Lord CorK.- 
Tvallis against Morgan, and overtook him at the 
Cowpeus, where a severe battle was fought, January 
I7th. 

Describe the first part of the battle. 

Confident of victory the troops of Tarleton 
rushed shouting and with great impetuosity to the 
attack. The American militia met them with a 
steady fire, and then fell back to the rear of the 
continentals. 

Was he opposed, and by whom f 

lie was inefiectually opposed by a greatly infe- 
rioi army under Lafayette. 

Where did CornwalHs take up a position, and whti? 

In order to be in readiness to assist Clinton, who, 
stationed at New York, was now menaced by 
Washington, Cornwallis took post at Yorktown, 
at the mouth of York River, on Chesapeake Bay, 
where he threw up fortifications. 

Wliat movements were now made by the French and Ameri- 
tans f 

A French fleet fortunately arrived, and blocked 
ap the Chesapeake ; and Washington having com- 
pletely deceived Clinton, by a threatened attack on 
New York, moved rapidly towards Yorktown with 
the French and American forces. 

When did Clinton discover this movement, and did he attempt 
io tonnteract it? 

Washington had nearly reached the Delaware 



S8 AMERICAN RErOLCnOX 

and tlie river became sw-ollen: this prevented the 
crossing of the British for several davs. 

Who cjane t? Jfor^^iTiS cissis:.'.':c* f 

Gener^ Greene now arrived at the camp of 
\forg:sn to assist him, and the retreat and pursuit 
again commenced. 

The Americans then pressed towards the Yadkin, 
ftnd crowed it, but were again so closel j pursued 
bv Comwallis, that part of the baggage fell into 
his bauds, and night closed in upon the two armiea 
oceupving the opposite banks. 

By v\jt tu-re Ae Briiisk prevfrUed from pmnmU next dayf 

During the night, the river was again swollen 
by a storm, and Comwallis being compelled to 
cross higher up at the ibrds, made vigorous e3brta 
to continue the pursuil 

SfMt mu tJig Bmrxmt tndtiit 

But he only reached the banks of the river Dan 
in time to see Greene's last corps cross over m 
sftFety. The pursuit was then given up in despair. 

WktrtSd €fnen» tkg» mmkf m ttmmdf 

Greejie being now reinforced by the other divi- 
sion of his army, drew up his forces at Guilford 
Court House, where he was attacked vigorously b^ 
Comwallis, on the 15th of March. 

At the first fire the Carolina troops fled, but the 
regulars 'disputed every inch oi the gionnd for an 
hour and a halZ and then retreated dowly and 
•teadily. The loss was neariy equal, and did not 
vary far fi\)m five hundred. 

Whmi aAwfaj* w« Ike mebtry to Otrmmtifitf 

This victory of Comwallis was dearly purchased 



AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. 87 



Nearly one third of his army was destroyed, and 
three days after he was compelled to fall back by 
easy marches to the British post at Wilmington. 

Wliat is said of G^resnes rnoveme7its / 

General Greene, not dispirited by the defeat^ 
pursued Cornwallis, but his troops needing rest, ho 
waited to recruit, and afterwards changing his 
plans, he boldly entered South Carohna, and 
marched rapidly to the British post at Camden. 

}Miat took place at ffobkirk's Hill ? 

He took up a position at Ilobkirk's Hill, about 
two miles from the British. Here he was attacked 
in his camp by the enemy, under Lord Eawdon, 
on the 25th of April. 

0-ive an account of the battle. 

The commencement of the battle was highly 
favorable to the Americans ; but a veteran Mary- 
land regiment, distinguished for its former bravery, 
became panic-struck, and the rout soon became 
general. The loss on either side was about two 
hundred and fifty. 

What was the effect of these engagements f 

Although the patriots were generally unsuccess- 
ful, these battles were of great advantage to the 
American cause, for the British, unable to profit by 
them, were compelled to fall back to the neighbor- 
hood of the sea-coast. 

WHiere and wfien was the last battle in the Carolinas ? 

The battle of Eutaw Springs was the last deter- 
mined struggle in the Carolinas. It was fought on 
the 8th of September, between Greene and Col. 
Stewart, who now commanded in place of Rawdon. 

Describe the battle. 

The British being attacked with great ardor b^ 



6^ jjoscizir KrfXH.rT?05r IJ 



Cjf -1 ?^ -s^.- ^-s- ir ij:^:: rfirfj.:f'I_ '; i: 



IT" 

e 









Xiii 



^is&^cer^ 



AMERICAN REVOLUTIOX. 89 

K:fore Clinton became aware of his design. On 
learning this, the British general sent a strong force 
iinder Arnold, against Xew London, with the hope 
of drawing off W:ishington's attention from Corn- 
wallis. 

Give the account of this incursioyu 

Fort Griswold commanded the entrance to !N'ew 
London. This the British carried by assault, after 
an obstinate defence. Colonel Ledyard, after sur- 
rendering his sword, was b;\i'barou-lv slain by the 
British officer in commaixl. The town was then 
burnL 

Wlmt ifiW thf er'rct of this? 

These nx-»vements failed entirely to accomplish 
the object Clinton had in view, since the march of 
Washington was not arrested by this inciirsion into 
Xew England. 

WTiiit is said of the allied artJit/ and their tnovetttents at York- 
te^cri .' 

The allied army reached Yorktown on the 30th 
of September, and by the Oth of October had 
thrown up a line of works, completely cutting oil' 
Cornwallis's communications with the land, while 
at the same time the French fleet prevented his 
escape by the bay. 

Give an acfouni of fhe Hege, 

From all points the besiegers hurled a tempest 
of shell and red-hot shot into the fort ; they broke 
down the entrenchments, dismounted the enemy 'g 
cannon, and the capture of two strong redoubts 
left the srarrison at the mercy of the besiesrers. 

What ita* no¥)the design of CornxceUUs, and state lehat occjrrco 
ON the ly.'/i c;.'" October f 

The situation of Cornwallis being now desperate; 



^0 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

he formed the bold design of forcing his way ta 
New York ; but a severe storm broke up hi? plans. 
Seeing no hope of escape or assistance, he at length 
capitulated on the 19th of October. 

Mention sotne of the arrangements connected mth the surrender. 

The army, artillery, arms, mihtary chest, and 
public stores were surrendered to Washington ; 
the British ships in the harbor, with the seamen, to 
the Count de Grasse. The number of prisoners 
exceeded seven thousand. 

Was there any battle of importance after this f 

This joyful event terminated th« contest of the 
Revolution, and completely crushed the hopes of 
the British Grovernment. 



RECAPITULATION 1 78 1 . 

Mutiny of the Pennsylvania txoops, January IsL 

Battle of the Co wpena, January 17th. 

t'amous retreat ol Greeiue, Jan. and Feb. 

Buttle of G uilford Court House March 15th. 

" " Camden, or llobkirk's HiU, April 25th, 

" •' Eutaw Springs, September 8th, 

Attack on New London. — Fort Griswold taken, . . . September. 

Eurrexi-ler of Comwallis at Yo?kto^m, ... . Octooer 19th 



TO IIXTT S XHATB 

HieTTar of th.e 
REVO LUTiON. 



0^5^55^^ 















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—T 




c^ X r 3r /i -A- <- 



yV' 





VICINITY or KEWPORlj 



^Greene 'ijfp^ 



^Q-J^^^ 







.Vbeitmrli : li 






y/v. f)i<i)iit 













SUT^Tmg^^^f^^^^^^ j^^^^g^_jt^^^ 




CKARL^T^jlM .C^' 



«¥>..i>i.?y, 






-ri.\^ -r . J AJi'ltlttll /rl^'-C 



((Jt'cMARLESTON 



92 DISBANDING OF THE ARMY. 

the great lakes and the Mississi})pi, with the 
exception of Florida, which passed into the hands 
of Spain. » 

O^ve the dates of the different posts evacuated by the British. 

In accordance with this definitive settlement, tne 
British army evacuated New York on the 25th of 
November, and Charleston in December; Savan 
nah had already been given up in July. 

Wliat proclamation was issued by Congress in November ? 

On the 3d of November, Congress issued a pro- 
clamation, disbanding the army on the 3d of the 
following month. 

What was the condition of things in the country, and the army? 

• Serious difficulties lay in the way of disbanding, 
for the finances of the States had sunk to a low 
ebb ; public credit was gone, and the army, seeing 
no well-grounded hope of obtaining half-pay for 
life, had become clamorous for justice. 

What fears agitated the country? 

Matters looked gloomy, and it was feared that a 
war would break out between Congress and the 
army, for the discontented feelings were encouraged 
by several officers of high rank. 

Hoxo was the excitement allayed f 

Gen. Washington exerted his great influence in 
quieting the excited feelings of both officers and 
soldiers ; and Congress finally made an arrange- 
ment, granting the officers five years' full pay, and 
the soldiers full pay for four months. 

Wliere and when did Washington bid adieu to his army f 

On the fourth of Dec. 1783, the day following 
that appointed for the disbanding of the array, 
General Washington took au aiiecting farewell of 
his officers at New York. * 



CONSTITUTION PASSED. 93 



WhMer did he go after thisf 

He then repaired to Congress, at Annapolis; an^ 
on the 28d of December, amid circum-stances of 
the greatest solemnity, resigned his commission bs 
commander-in-chief. 

Did he still continue in public life? 

His military life being thus ended, he retired to 
his es'^ate at Mount Vernon. 

fl'yu) did the States attempt to pay thrir debts / 

The authorities in the several States, finding 
them heavily laden with debt, began to impose 
taxes for its payment. 

IVhat was the restilt of this measure f 

This measure created great and general opposi- 
tion ; and in Massachusetts the people rose in re- 
bellion, under a leader named Daniel Shay, but 
were put down by a strong military force, in 1787. 

To v)hat did these disturbances lead? 

It therefore became evident that a stronger gen- 
eral government was needed, and accordingly a 
Convention of Delegates was held at Philadelphia, 
May, 1787, of which Gen. Washington was Presi- 
dent. 

Wliat great measure did this Convention pass, and when f 

The Convention was in secret session four 
months, and at the end of that period, September 
17th, 1787, a Constitution was agreed on, which 
was finally ratified, although not without consider- 
able opposition. 

Wlio was the first President, and who Vice President? 

Under the Constitution, which thus became the 
strong bond of union throughout the States, George 
Washington was unanimously elected first Presi- 
dent, and John Adams, Vice President. 



06 DKATII OF WASUINQTON. 

and persisted in by M. Genet, at the request of the 
former, M. Genet was promptly reealled, and a new 
ambassador Jippointed. The good understanding 
jtreviously existing betwe-eii the two governments 
was tliereupon. renewed. 

J)id this Mate of things continue f 

These friendly relations did not last long, for a 
treaty eoneluded by the American government with 
Great Britain, in 171^5, highly irritated the Kreneh 
Direetory. 

What vwre Oie feelings of the Jitnerican people at this time f 

'Vo add to this unpleasant state of things, the 
American people were divided into two parties: 
one in favor of, and the other op})Osed to, the 
French revolution. 

What chaiu/e took place in Ainerican affairs f 

In the midst of these troubles, the second term 
of Wnshington's presidency expired. lie there- 
upon declined a re-election, and Jc^hn Adams was 
cn()S(>ii in his stead. 

yy> what measure did Adams resort f 

Three month3 after his inauguration, March 4.th, 

1797, he convened Congress to deliberate on the 
outragi^"? of the French government, which had com- 
menced attacks on American vessels. 

What was the result f 

The result wavS, that preparations were made for 
war, but the contest had scarcely begun at sea, 

1798, when arrangements were made for peace. 

For what was the year 1790 remarkable f 

Tho, year 1799 became memorable as that of 
Washington's decease. This great and good mat 
died at Mount Vernon, in Virginia, on the 14th oi 
December, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. 



THE SEW CAPIlALu 07 



Uov vyu kit df<U\ noti^f 

Cx/rtgre:.^: and th'; ooj.l*.:"v (',\\:/:^\ tLe rr;''/et pro- 
fouiid fiorrov,' at :.;••: '\''-/<x\:.. ar.d t'::.e "t:r;><>:t Lolois 
were diverted to iiis meiaoiy. 



»BCAFITCI.ATI03r, CHAFTEK I. 

Ceww^jQ of h<irtirrtie>, AprJlV, 17§$ 

Ildbutive tres^ of peeiee, gepiArii^Tjer ?, " 

f 'iri^iMikstlSoa dl^Mttdnii^ the srmf Koverr.t^r ^, ^ 

X«v York eraeaisitod bj tiie BdtaMi, . . . S 'n-*;vJj*ir tfj, ** 
^inMtt^jB^% tkrerwdl to the anaj, . . . . 1>^:^tij\^t 4, ** 

C«a9iUtatJoa pacned, Sej:>i«ifib*;r 17, 17^. 

Insr^ireetka m ManMinHetto soppree^o, . . . T^hrxutijf *■'■ 

WawldiiftQa naide Frcndotf^ Ar^ri! 9<i>, 17^. 

tiea. Esarauar* 6t§uA, fk'ifAjer, VIVt. 

Vennoat •Jnutted M » SlMte, Fet^nas/j, 17«1. 

iC Chut** defeattf yoresitbtT, " 

WTajnie** TieSo(y«— Bflttie of tiM MnuBfee, . , . . Acsxist, 17M. 
II«Mbof Watfrbixiftoa, .!>»»%-£; Ur, 17i>. 



FROM THE TEAE 1«00 TO 1812. 
fHUf «mn€ tfiarkei the jemr 1800f 

The year 1800 was marked bj tiie removal oi 
the seat of goyemnient from FnOadelpliiay to the 
ste whicli bad been selected bj Washington, on 
the banks of the Potomac The new oso^AaX was 
aamed WashingtoiL 

ir%i> t mttieed ed Jokm Adam* m$ Premdemt t 

Thomas Jefferson saocseeded John AdiLms as 
Irreadsni, March 4th, 180L 

ir%«/ md£tifma were made Va the State* im. ISO* cui ISOSt 

In 1802, Ohio became a State, and in 1803 the 

f 



98 WAR WITH TRIPOLI. 



ten ^hv. X y of Louisiana was purchased from France, 
for the aiim of fifteen millions of dollars. 

What ts sxtid of the purchase of Louisiana ? 

This purchase became necessary, in order to secur? 
the free navigation of the Mississippi, the cutlet of 
which was la the possession of a foreign nation. 

WAR WITH TRIPOLI. 

For what purpose %ias Preble sent to the Mediterranean f 

In 1803, Commodore Preble was sent to the 
Mediterranean loi the purpose of chastising the 
Barbarj powers, ^hich had long committed pira 
cies on American vessels. 

What happened on the cruise f 

While cruising in ihe harbor of Tripoli, the 
frigate Philadelphia stranded, and falling into the 
bands of the Tripoli tans, her crew were made 
slaves. 

Describe the brilliant action that followed. 

The prize, however, did not remain long in their 
hands, for in the following year Lieutenant Decatur 
entered the harbor of Tripoli in a small schooner, 
boarded the frigate, and killing several of the Tri- 
politan crew, drove the rest into the sea. 

What did he then do f 

He then set fire to the frigate, and in the midst 
of a cannonade from the enemy's batteries, escaped 
with only four wounded. 

By what was this succeeded ? 

This brilliant achievement was succeeded by 
another of a romantic character. Mr. Eaton, who 
was at this time the American Consul at Tunis, 
planned an expedition with Hamet, the exiled, bui 
lawful, sovereign of Tripoli, and being appointed 
general by Hamet, he set out from Alexandria with 



DEATH OF HAMILTON. 9% 



a mij:ed force of Tripolitans, Egyptians, and seventy 
American seamen. 

Describe his march. 

His march was through a thouii^and miles of 
desert; the heat, the drifting sand, and the want 
of water, produced intense suffering, but he finally 
reached Derne, a Tripolitan city, April, 1805. 

Wliat was his success ? 

Here he fought two battles, defeated the enemy 
m both engagements, and took Derne, but was 
stopped in the middle of his success by a treaty of 
peace between the Bashaw and Mr. Lear, the 
American Agent. An end was thus put to the 
war. 

WJiat happened in 1804 ? 

In the month of July, 1804, Gen. Hamilton, 
Secretary of the Treasury under Washington, and 
the intimate friend and aid-de-camp of the latter 
was shot in a duel with Aaron Burr. 

State the cause of the duel. 

The duel had its origin in political exasperation, 
and its fatal result threw a gloom over a great por- 
tion of the nation. 

Give an account of Burros future career. 

Burr afterwards, in 1806, made a treasonable at 
tempt to establish an empire in the Southwest of 
the United States; was tried for this, and though 
acquitted, was generally believed guilty. He final- 
ly died in obscurity. 

By v)hat measures teas American commerce injured f 

The constant war between France and England 
proved a serious injury to American commerc<? 
England declared the coast of France in a state : 



100 EMBARGO DECKjCSD. 



blockade, and Bonaparte retaliated bj issuing a 
similar decree against the British islands. 

What was the effect of these measures f 

l^hus it happened that American vessels were in 
danger of capture by the armed vessels of both 
powers. 

To what right did England lay cl lim f 

To sum up these annoyances, England claimed 
l.he right of boarding American vessels, and taking 
from them deserters from the British service. 

Did E7igland enforce these claims f 

On the 22d of June, 1807, the British ship of 
war Leopard, fired into the frigate Chesapeake, 
killing and wounding a number of her crew. The 
Chesapeake had refused to deliver up four men 
claimed as deserters. Three of these were Ameri- 
can citizens. 

What were the " Orders in Council*^ and the " Milan Decreed* 

This outrage was followed in November by the 
celebrated " Orders in Council," in which Grrea'i 
Britain prohibited all trade with France and her 
allies ; and by the " Milan Decree," in December, 
in which Bonaparte forbade all trade with England 
and her colonies. 

Did Congress retaliate f 

An embargo was decreed by Congress in Decem- 
ber following, in retaliation for these oppressions 
on the part of France and England, preventing all 
American vessels from leaving the United States, 
and prohibiting commercial intercourse with these 
nations. 

Was this measure long continued f 

The A nerican merchants, finding the embargo 



BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE. 101 

niinoas to their trade, it was taken ofl^ in answer 
to their earnest petition. 

}Vho s-ucceeded Jefferson as Presidenf. t 

In 1809, Thomas Jefferson retired from the 
Presidency, and James Madison was elected in his 
stead. 

Did any change soon take place in the restrictions of Franct 
and Great Britain f 

The French at length, in 1810, abolished their 
decrees, but the English continued to enforce theirs 
with spirit. 

What occurred off the American coast in May, 1811 ? 

While enforcing these restrictions by watching 
the coast of the United States for American vessels, 
a British sloop-of-war. Little Belt, received severa 
punishment, May 16, 1811. 

Give an account of this aitd its cause. 

Being hailed by Commodore Eogers, in the frig- 
ate President, the Little Belt answered with a shot, 
that struck the mainmast of the President. Rogers 
then returned the fire with so much effect, that in 
twenty minutes, thirty -two of the crew of the Lit- 
tle Belt were either killed or wounded. 

What troubles now arose in the Northwest f 

At the same time the Indians, probably incited 
by British agents, became troublesome on the 
Northwestern frontier. 

Who wees sent against them, and what was his conduct f 

Gen. Harrison was sent against them, and en- 
camped at Tippecanoe, an Indian town on the Wa- 
bash. -Fearing an attack, through the night, hii* 
troops were ordered to sleep on their arms. 

What ensued next morning ? 

Early on the morning of the 7th of iSTovembey 
. 9* 



100 EMBARGO DECKJCfiD. 



blockade, and Bonaparte retaliated by issuing a 
similar decree against the British islands. 

What was the effect of these measures f 

Q^hus it happened that American vessels were in 
danger of capture by the armed vessels of both 
powers. 

To what right did England lay cl lim f 

To sum up these annoyances, England claimed 
the right of boarding American vessels, and taking 
from them deserters from the British service. 

Did England enforce these claims f 

On the 22d of June, 1807, the British ship of 
war Leopard, fired into the frigate Chesapeake, 
killing and wounding a number of her crew. The 
Chesapeake had refused to deliver up four men 
claimed as deserters. Three of these were Ameri- 
can citizens. 

What were the " Orders in Council/^ and the " Milan Decree t 

This outrage was followed in November by the 
celebrated " Orders in Council," in which Greai 
Britain prohibited all trade with France and her 
allies ; and by the " Milan Decree," in December, 
in which Bonaparte forbade all trade with England 
and her colonies. 

Did Congress retaliate t 

An embargo was decreed by Congress in Decem- 
ber following, in retaliation for these oppressions 
on the part of France and England, preventing all 
American vessels from leaving the United States, 
and prohibiting commercial intercourse with these 
nations. 

Was this measure long continued P 

The A nerican merchants, finding the embargo 



BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE. 101 

ruinous to their trade, it was taken o^ in answer 
to their earnest petition. 

Who succeeded Jcj^'erson as PrenideiU f 

In 1809, Thomas Jefferson retired from the 
Presidency, and James Madison was elected in his 
stead. 

Did any change soon take place is the restrictions of Franc* 
and Great Britain f 

The French at length, in 1810, abolished their 
decrees, but the English continued to enforce theira 
with spirit. 

What occurred off the Aynerican coast in May, 1811 ? 

While enforcing these restrictions by watching 
the coast of the United States for American vessels, 
a British sloop-of-war. Little Belt, received severe 
punishment, May 16, 1811. 

Give an account of this and its cause. 

Being hailed by Commodore Eogers, in the frig- 
ate President, the Little Belt answered with a shot, 
that struck the mainmast of the President. Rogers 
then returned the fire with so much effect, that in 
twenty minutes, thirty -two of the crew of the Lit- 
tle Belt were either killed or wounded. 

What troubles now arose in the Northwest ? 

At the same time the Indians, probably incited 
by British agents, became troublesome on the 
Northwestern frontier. 

Who wa^ sent against them, and what was his conduct f 

Gen. Harrison was sent against them, and en- 
camped at Tippecanoe, an Indian town on the Wa- 
bash. -Fearing an attack, through the night, hii^ 
troops were ordered to sleep on their arms. 

What etisued next morning ? 

Early on the mxorning of the 7th of ISTovembej 
. 9* 



102 THE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1S12. 

ISll, tl\e yells of the Indians announced tne at 
taok. The steady valor of the whites, however, 
finally prevailed, and the battle of Tippecanoe 
ended in the total overthrow of the savages. 



RECAPITULATION. Cll AFTER II. 

Tb? seat of jrovonuncnt rctnovod to Wit^b'mgton, . . , 1800. 

l">hio a.lmhtod a.i a Stato M:uvh, "IS02. 

lA^iisuma iniroh:isod April, 1S08. 

Com. Trobic soiU airaiu^t Tripoli, , " 

IVoatur's tauious exploit, February, ISlM 

Doatli ofllanu.tou iu a duel, .'uW, " 

Capture of Dome April, ISOa 

Battle between tbe Cbesapeake luid Leopard, .... June, 18<">7 

liritisb orders in eouncil, November, *' 

IxMiaparte's Milan Divreo December, " 

fikinuish between tbe Little Ixxlt and Presideut, . • . May, '811 
lUttlo of Tippecanoe, November " 



SECTION YI. 

THE wjoi with KXQLASD — 1 SI '2-1 816. 

— 1S12.— 

Ti^at teas the cause of the %rar of ISI'2 ? 

The restrietions of Great Britain on American 
coinineree, and the right she claimed and exercised 
of se:ux^hing American vessels for deserters, had 
slowly, but surely, prepared the way for a rupture 
with the American government. 

Congress had maae preparations for war as early 
t^ ISll and on the 19th of June, 1S12, wrr waa 



rUE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1812. 108 

formally proclaimed by President Madison, in ao 
cordanco with the resolutions of Congress. / 

llV/rt teas appointed Commander-in-Chief f 

Efforts were made to rais^ an army of twenty- 
five thousand men, and Henry I)earl>oni, of Mas- 
sachusetts, who had served with credit in the 
Revolution, was chosen Commander-in-Chief. 

What was the first movement of the war f 

The war was begun on the northwestern fron- 
tier by the march of General Hull, Governor of 
Michigan Territory, towards the British Ibrt at 
Maiden, July 12th, 1812. 

Wh^n was Fort Mackinaw surrendered f 

On the 17th of the same month, Fort Mackinaw, 
on the straits of Mackinaw, was surrendered to the 
British. 

What happened to Major Van Home? 

Meanwhile Hull liad sent a small detachment 
under Major Van Ilorne, to guard a convoy of 
supplies on the road to his camp. Van Ilorne was 
met and defeated at Brownstown on the oth of 
August. 

Hov) was this misfortune retrieved f 

Col. Miller was sent with six hundred men to 
the same spot; and on the 9th of August, the 
second battle of Brownstown was fought, in which 
a large body of British and Indians was defeated. 

What movement did General Hull make f 

Gen. Hull, learning the approach of Gei^u Brock 
\/ith a force of British, Canadians, and Indians, 
fell back timidly to Detroit, and here determined 
fco awa't the enemy. 

Wliat is said of the preparations for the assault f 

Brock davanced to the assault. The Americana 



104 THE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1812. 



were drawn up ready to oppose him ; the utmost 
order prevailed among the troops, and. confident 
of victory, they only awaited the orders of theii 
generaL 

Wfiat was Hull's conduct f 

To the astonishment of the whole army, Hull 
hung out a flag of truce, and, shortly after, basely 
surrendered himself and army prisoners of war on 
the 16th of August. 

Was IIuWs conduct approved of by the country f 

Nothing could exceed the indignation of the 
country ; Hull was brought to trial for his conduct, 
and sentenced to death, but was finally pardoned by 
the President. 

What was the result of the surrender of Detroit ? 

By this unfortunate affair the territory of Mich- 
igan fell into the hands of the British. 

Who was stationed on the Niagara frontier ? 

General Yan Rensselaer commanded another di- 
vision of the army stationed at Lewiston, on the 
N"] agar a river. 

Describe his movement against Queenstown. 

With a portion of this force he crossed the river 
on the 13th of October, and attacked and took the 
British batteries on Queenstown heights. 

Pld the British attempt to retake the fort f 

A reinforcement under General Brock arrived 
and tried to retake the works, but was gallantly 
repulsed, and General Brock was slain. 

Give the closing account of the battle. 

In this state of affairs, the militia, who were stiJ 
on the American side of the river, refused to cross 
to the assistance of their coun jrymen ; and a fresh 



THE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1812. 105 



body of Britisli arriving, the unfortunate party was 
overpowered and either killed or made prisoners. 

Was the year 1812 favorable to the Americans ? 

This closed the campaign of 1812 ; on land, 
everywhere disastrous to the Americans ; but their 
victories on the ocean retrieved the honor ol the 
nation. 

What was the first of these engagements f 

These battles were — 1st. The capture of the 
British frigate Guerriere, Captain Dacres, by the 
Constitution, Captain Hull, in thirty minutes. The 
Guerriere had nearly every mast and spar shot away, 
and one hundred and fourteen of her crew were 
either killed or wounded. She was burnt after the 
victory. The American loss was seven killed, and 
seven wounded. 

Describe the battle between the Wasp and the Frolic. 

2d. The capture of the Frolic by the Wasp, 
Captain Jones, after a bloody battle of forty -five 
minutes. Nearly all of the Frolic's crew were 
killed, her decks were slippery with blood, and 
strewed with the wounded and dying. The Frolic 
lost eighty men, the Wasp but eight. 

The battle between the United States and the Macedonian. 

3d. The battle between the United States, Com- 
modore Decatur, and the British frigate Macedo- 
nian. It lasted two hours, and ended in the cap- 
ture of the latter. The loss of the British was 
one hundred and four, that of the Americans only 
eleven. 

The engagement between the Constitution and Java. 

4th. The capture of the British frigate Java, by 
the Constitution, Captain Bainbridge. The action 
lasted three hours. The killed and wounded or* 



106 THE WAR WITH ENGLAND -1813. 



board the Java amounted to one hundred and sixtj 
one, the Constitution's loss to thirty -four. 

What is said of the stuxess of the privateers f 

In addition to these, more than five hundred 
prizes were captured by the American privateers, 
and over three thousand prisoners were taken. 



RECAPITULATION 1815^. 

War proclaimed by President Madison, Juno 19ta. 

Surrender of Fort Mackinaw, July 17th. 

First battle of Browustown, August 5th 

Second battle of Brownstown, August 9tb 

Surrender of Detroit by Hull, August 16th. 

Battle of Queeustown Heights, . October 13th 

NAVAL BATTLES. 

fhe Guerriere captured by the Constitution, . , , August 19th. 

The Frolic " "" " Wasp, October 18th. 

riie Macedonian " " " United States, . , . October 25ch. 
The Java " " " Constitution, . . December 29ta 

—1818.— 

How was the American army arranged this ye--^ t 

The American army was this year arranged in 
three divisions — the army of the North, of the 
Centre, and of the West. 

Who commanded the army of the West, and for what purpose f 

The army of the West was commanded by 
General Harrison, and had for its object the re- 
taking of Michigan territory. 

What detachment was sent out by Harrison t 

Harrison sent General Winchester to the village 
of French town, to disperse a large body of British 
and Indians, in which he was successful. 

WHiat happened to Winchester ? 

While lying here carelessly encamped, he was 



THE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1813. 10? 



surprised on the morning of the 22d of January, 
by a mixed force under General Proctor. 

Give an account of what followed. 

Winchester, attempting to rally his troops, wa^i 
taken prisoner; but though they still fought 
bravely without their general, Winchester surren- 
dered his army prisoners of war. 

What is said of their treatment by the Indians ? 

The Indians perpetrated the most revolting cruel- 
des on the wounded, and it does not appear that 
they were restrained by General Proctor and his 
ofiicers. 

Wliat is said of Harrison's situation ? 

When General Harrison heard of this defeat, he 
erected a fortified camp, which he named Fort 
Meigs. Here, May 1st, he wai besieged by Proc- 
tor, with an army of two thousand British and 
Indians. 

Did any one come to Harrison's assistaiue, and with what t^ie 
cess? 

On the 5th of May, General Clay arrived with 
twelve hundred Kentuckians, and immediately at- 
tacked and defeated the British with considerable 
loss. In the pursuit eight hundred Americans un- 
fortunately fell into an ambuscade, and nearly all 
were slain. 

What occurred on the 9th of May f 

Four days after, the British general, seeing no 
hope of taking the fort, and having been deserted 
by Tecumseh and his Indians, raised the siege, and 
retired to Fort Maiden. 

What fort did Proctor next attack t 

In July, Proctor, with twelve hundred British 
and Indians, proceeded against Fort Lower Saa 



108 TPIE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1813, 



dusky, a few miles south of Lake Erie, command 
ed by Major Croghan with a force of one hundred 
and fifty men, and but one field piece. 

\VJiat occurred previous to the 2d of August f 

For two days the enemy cannonaded the fort, 
and having made a breach in the walls, they ad- 
vanced in two columns to the assault, on the 2d 
of August. 

Describe the assault and defence. 

One of these columns was met by a heavy fire, 
end driven back with dreadful loss. The othei 
party was literally mowed down by the field piece 
loaded to the muzzle, and which was discharged or 
the approach of the British. 

WHiat vsas the result of the attault f 

Panic-struck with this reception. Proctor fled in 
the greatest confusion, and abandoned his dead and 
wounded to the care of the Americans. His lost 
was one hundred and fifty in killed and wounded 
Croghan had one killed and eight wounded. 

Wliat post was now attacked by the Americans f 

A portion of the Army of the Centre, commanded 
by General Dearborn, crossing Lake Ontario, pro- 
ceeded against York, the capital of Upper Canada, 
where the British had a large supply of mihtary 
stores. 

Describe the attack. 

General Pike led the assault; but as he was car- 
rying every thing before him, he and many of Lii? 
troops were killed by an explosion of the enemy's 
magazine. The troops, however, rallied, and ob- 
tained possession of the town and all the public 
magazines, April 27. 

What was the loss on both sid^ f 



THE WAR WITH ENGLAND —1813. 109 



The British lost one hundred killed, and seven 
hundred in wounded and prisoners. The Ameri- 
can loss was three hundred and twenty killed and 
wounded. 

Against what British fo^t did Dearborn next move f 

General Dearborn left the wounded and prisoners 
at Sacketfs Harbor, and having received fresh 
troops, sailed against Fort George, on the IsTiagara, 
which he easily captured. 

JVJiat occurred during the retreat of the British f 

The British garrison retreated, but were followed 
by Generals Winder and Chandler, who, in the 
night, were unfortunately taken prisoners, and the 
Americans then returned to Fort George. 

Wliat was Prevost doing in the mean time i 

As soon as the British general, Prevost, had 
learned that Dearborn had gone to Fort George, 
he sailed to attack Sackett's Harbor. 

How Ufas he received? 

The militia fled at his approach ; but taking to 
the houses, checked his progress by a murderous 
fire. General Brown rallied another body, and 
m^aking a feint as if about to cut off Prevost's re- 
treat, the enemy retired to their ships, leaving be- 
hind the most of the wounded, May 29. 

WJiat is said of the warlike preparations on Lake Erie f 

During the year two rival squadrons had been 
built and fitted out on Lake Erie. The British 
squadron, of six vessels, mounting sixty-three guns, 
waa commanded by Commodore Barclay ; and the 
American, of nine vessels, carrying fifty -four guns, 
by Commodore Perry. 

Did the sq^iadrons meet? 

A battle was fought by the two fleets off Fori 

10 



no THE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1813. 

Maiden, on the 10th of September. In the begin 
uing of the action, Perry led the advance in tl>ff 
Lawrence ; but his ship was attacked by two of tlie 
enemy's ships and completely disabled. 

Describe the remainder of the action. 

He then left the Lawrence in an open boat, amid 
Clie fire of the enemy, and reaching the Niagara, 
continued the combat. The wind freshened, and 
the Americans thus being enabled to fight more 
compactly, the battle was terminated by the sur 
render of the whole British squadron. 

Did Per ry write to Harrison after the battle ? 

Immediately after the battle, which had lasted 
four hours, Perry sent a short but spirited note to 
General Harrison, announcing the victory in these 
words, " We have met the enemy, and they are 
ours I" 

In what direction did Harrison then move f 

Upon the receipt of this General Harrison, as 
sisted by Governor Shelby and a body of Kentuck 
ians, speedily crossed the lake, took Fort Maiden 
and then pressed towards the enemy, who were 
encamped on the river Thames. 

Describe the battle of the Tlianies. 

Here the battle of the Thames was fought on the 
6bh of October. General Proctor was assisted by 
Tecumseh and his Indians. The British were first 
routed, and Tecumseh being slain, the Indians also 
flixL 

Wliat was the res^ih of the battle f 

Nearly all of Proctor's force was either killed oi 
taken, and Proctor only saved himself by the flcet- 
ness of his horse. This victory restored all the 
territory that had been lost }ij Hull's surrender. 



THE WAR WITH ENGLAIn^D — 1813. Ill 



WTiat is said of the Creek LidiaiiS? 

In the latter part of August, the Creek Indians, 
in Alabama, ravaged the country and massacred 
the inhabitants. 

WJto were sent against them, and with what success / 

Generals JaK3kson and Coffee being sent against 
(hem, obtained several advantages, and at last com- 
pletely routed them in a great battle at the Horse- 
shoe Bend of the Tallapoosa. In this battle one 
thousand Indians were slain. 

^Vhat were the movements of the Army of the North ? 

The Army of the North, stationed on the shores 
of Lake Champlain, was joined in October by the 
Army of the Centre, commanded by General Wil- 
kinson, who had succeeded Dearborn as command- 
er-in-chief, and proceeded down the St. Lawrence 
against Montreal. 

State what is said of the action at Williamshirg. 

On the 11th of November, a body of troops, un- 
der General Boyd, landed at Williamsburg; but 
they were driven back with the loss of three hun- 
dred in killed, wounded, and prisoners. 

WJiat was the final success of the Americans? 

Being dispirited by this check, and disappointed 
in reinforcements, and the winter approaching, the 
army went into winter-quarters on the south bank 
of the St. Lawrence. 

What is said of the success at sea f 

The fortune of war was various on the oceaii 
during 1813. 

i/ive the action of the 24 th of Fehruary. 

On the 24th of February, the sloop of war Hor- 
net, Captain Lawrence, took the British brig Pea 
ciock, after an action of fifteen minutes. 



112 THE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1813. 



Mention what occurred after the surrender. 

The Peacock was so completely riddled, that she 
sunk immediately after the action, carrying down 
with her thirteen British seamen, and four Ameri- 
c:xns who were trying to save them. 

Mention that of the \st of June. 

On the 1st of June, the American frigate Chesa- 
peake, Captain Lawrence, was captured by th-e 
British ship Shannon, off Boston harbor. 

WJiat was the cause of the battle? 

Captain Lawrence had been promoted from the 
Hornet to the Chesapeake for his bravery, and 
while shipping a new crew, was challenged by 
Captain Brooks, who was cruising olf the coast 
with a picked crew. 

Give an account of the action. 

The challenge was accepted — the ships met ; out 
so terrible was the fire of the Shannon, that in a 
few minutes nearly every officer on board the 
Chesapeake was killed or wounded — her rigging 
was cut to pieces, and the British having boarded, 
struck her flag. 

WJiat is said of Lawrence t 

Lawrence lived in a state of delirium four days 
after the action, repeatedly exclaiming, "Don't 
give up the ship I" ELe died regretted by the 
whole American people, and his remains were in- 
terred at Halifax wii*h every honor. 

Wliat other naval actions took place ? 

In August, the British brig Pelic^r captured the 
American brig Argus ; and on the 5th of Septem- 
ber the British brig Boxer was taken by the brig 
Enterprise, off the coast of Maine. 



THE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1814. 113 



RECAPITULATION 18 1 3. 

Battle of Fr^nchtown, January 22d. 

iiege of York, Ai.ril 27th. 

Battle of Fort Meigs, May 5tli. 

Attack on Fort George, May 27th. 

«* Sackett's Harbor May 29th. 

" Fort Lower Sandusky, Auffust 2d 

Battle of the Thames, October 5th. 

*' Williamsburg, November 11th. 

NAVAL EVENTS. 

The Peacock captured by the Hor- et, February 24tl: 

Tlie Cliesapeake " " Shannon, June Isi- 

The Argus " " Pelican, August 14th 

The Boxer " * Enterprise, . . . September nth. 
Perry's victory on Lake Erie, Septenioer K'th 

—1814-15.— 

How was the campaign q/* 1814 opened^? 

The campaign of 1814 was open^^d by the cap- 
ture of Fort Erie, on the Niagara, by Generala 
Scott and Ripley, on the 8d of July. 

\VJiat battle was fought on the 5tk, and with v:?iat sticcess? 

Next day the Americans advanced, and on the 
5th of July, being met by the British under Gen- 
eral Riall, the battle of Chippeway was fought. 
The British were compelled to fall back with the 
loss of five hundred men. The American loss was 
three hundred and thirty-eight. 

Br/ irhat battle was this followed, mid when ^ 

General Riall was reinforced by General Drum- 
mond, and both armies again met near Niagara 
falls, where was fought the obstinate and bloody 
battle of Lundy's lane, July 25th. 

Wliat is said of the force engaged on each side ? 

This proved the most remarkable as well as the 
best fought action of the war; for the British foice 

10* 



114 THE WA.B. WITH ENGLAND — 1814 



was about five thousand, wliile that of the AmeH 
cans was only three thousand five huv'^dred. 

Give the c(ymmenccnieyit of the battle. 

The battle was begun before sunset, by the ad- 
vance of a brigade under Genera^ ScxOtt, but Gen- 
eral Brown soon came up with the v^aio. bo0.y, and 
the battle raged with great fury. 

Wtiat incident occurred during the progress t^f the hcUlef 

A British battery swept with ^'ts gVTns all quar- 
ters of the field. General Ri>.^®>' pv^rcoiving this, 
asked Colonel Miller if he could stv.rnv it. "1 'ian 
try, sir," was his noble reply. 

Wliat r/.'o'"t the success of Miller's attempt ? 

The trial was made, the battery taken, and 
though the enemy thrice attempted to retake :t, 
they were driven back with dreadful loss. 

What was the result of the engagement, and the loss on botk 
fides f 

The Americans finally compelled the British to 
retire, though the loss on both sides was nearly 
equal, being about eight hundred in killed, wound- 
ed, and missmg. Generals Brown and Scott we^'e 
both wounded. 

What movement teas then made by the American army f 

General Kipley then took the command, and 
deemed it prudent to fall back to Fort Erie, where 
he was besieged by General Drumm.ond on he Itb 
of Ausfust. 

Wliat took place on the \Hh of Axigustt 

On the 15th, Drummond ordered an assault^ 
which terminated in his repulse with the loss of 
one thousand. The Americans lost ei^htv ^ovr 
The siege, however, was still continu^\ 

H^a/ took place ok ' ^^ l^th a " S>cp*-*-^ber ' 



THE WAR WITH ENGLAND— 1814. 115 



General Brown recovering from his wou ads, took 
ihe command, and on the 17th of September made 
a sortie, which was completely successful. The 
enemy were driven from their works with the loss 
of nine hundred men. 

How was the siege terminated ? 

General Drummond hearing that five thousand 
Americans, under General Izard, were approaching 
to the assistance of the garrison, at length raised 
the siege, which had been continued for seven weeks. 

Who had been left at Plattshurg by General Izard f 

General Izard had left General Macomb at Platts- 
burg, on Lake Champlain, with scarce two thousand 
men. 

Describe the plans and movements of the British. 

Tc the attack of this post Gen. Prevost marched 
with fourteen thousand veterans, while at the same 
time a British fleet, under Commodore Downie, 
sailed to attack the American squadron, command- 
ed by Commodore MacDonough, in the harbor of 
Plattsburg. 

What is said of the position of both armies ? 

General Macomb had drawn up his troops on 
the banks of the river Saranac, and on the 11th of 
September, while Prevost attempted to cross the 
river and dislodge him, Commodore Downie at- 
tacked the American fleet. 

What was the result of the engagement on the Lake f 

After a severe contest of two hours and twenty 
minutes, the British vessels were nearly all sunk or 
taken ; and when the action ended, neither squad- 
ron had a mast standing on which a sail could be 
hoisted. 



116 THE WAR WITH ENGLANI>— 1814. 

Give an account of the battle of Plattshurg. 

On land, General Prevost made three desperate 
efforts to cross the river, but was each time re- 
pulsed. He continued the battle till nightfall, 
when he hastily retreated with the loss of twenty- 
five hundred, in killed, wounded, and missing. 

State what was no%o taking place in the South. 

While these events were in progress, five thou- 
sand British, under General Eoss, sailed up the 
Chesapeake, and marched to attack the American 
capital. 

Describe the progress of the British. 

He received a slight check at Bladensburg, Au- 
gust 24th, by Commodore Barney, who w^as taken 
prisoner, but arriving at Washington, Ross burned 
the capitol and public buildings, and destroyed a 
great amount of property. 

}V7(at other place on the Potomac was attacked? 

The town of Alexandria was also taken and 
plundered by the British squadron on the 29th of 
the same month. 

Against what place did General Ross ntxt move? 

General Ross then embarked on board the flee 
and sailed up the Chesapeake to attack Baltin:)ore, 
with six thousand men. 

}V7iat occurred on his arrival ? 

Landing at North Point, fourteen miles below 
the city, he was here met by General Strieker, 
at the head of thirty-five hundred militia, who dis- 
puted his progress for an hoar and a half, but was 
at last compelled to retire. In the battle Generai 
Ross was slam. 

In what direciio'i did the enemy then movt ? 

The British then advanced and encamped before 



TUE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1514. 117 



the city, which was defended by about fifteen 
thousand militia. Here the enemy halted to await 
the attack on Fort McHenry by the fleet. 

Describe the bombardment on Fort McHenry. 

At sunrise on the 13th, a fleet of sixteen ships 
commenced a heavy bombardment on the fort 
which commanded the entrance to the harbor. 
The attack continued twenty-four hours without 
success, and next day the fleet retired. 

Wliat was the termination of this expedition ? 

The land forces, upon learning the ill success of 
the bombardment, embarked on board the ship- 
ping, and soon after left the Chesapeake for the 
South. 

At what point were the British now bust/? 

During the month of October, the British were 
engaged fitting out a force at Pensacola, in Florida, 
at that time in possession of Spain. 

Bi/ whom were their preparations disturbed? 

Against this place General Jackson marched, and 
took forcible possession of the town, on the 7th of 
November, upon which the British left the harbor 
of Pensacola. 

When, and against what point did the British move f 

In the month of December, a British fleet with 
an army of ten thousand men on board, advanced 
towards New Orleans, through Lake Borgue the 
nearest route from the Gulf. 

Were they opposed in their progress ? 

On their way through Lake Borgne, an American 
flotilla was captured by the British after a bloody 
battle ; and a spirited attack by Jackson was also 
repelled, with the loss of four hundred men on the 
part of the British. 



118 THE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1815. 

Was the city in a position to be successfully defended? 

About four miles below New Orleans, General 
Jackson bad thrown up entrencbments strengthened 
by bales of cotton, which successfully resisted the 
cannonading of the enemy. Packenham, the Brit- 
ish general, therefore, ordered an assault. 

Describe the assault and defence. 

The American militia, with loaded rifles, coolly 
waited the approach, and poured upon them a de- 
structive fire. General Packenham fell mortally 
wounded. His soldiers were struck down on all 
sides, and order being lost, they finally fled, leaving 
on the field two thousand of their comrades. 

What was the loss on the side of the Americans ? 

The loss of the Americans was but seven killed 
and six wounded. The battle was fought on the 
8th of January, 1815. 

Which nation had been successful at sea during this year ? 

During the year 1814, success at sea had inclined 
to the Americans, and several British vessels had 
been captured. 

WJiat misfortune befell an American frigate f 

On the other hand the frigate Essex, after taking 
many prizes, was herself taken, after the most bloody 
naval battle of the war, in the harbor of Valparaiso, 
by a superior British force. 

When, and where was a treaty of peace signed? 

The end of the struggle now arrived, for on the 
24th of December, 1814, a treaty of peace was signed, 
at Ghent, and was ratifi^ed by the President on the 
17th of February. 

Wliat is said of the treaty ? 

By the terms of this treaty all the conquests on 
both sides were restored ; but the oriorinal cause of 



TWATP (DIFTME 
labile Xe ax- 1815 

& J LLU STRATI NG THE WAROFISI 







t: ^IJE 



THE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1815. 119 

the war — the impressment of American seamen — 
bad been done away with by the peace of Europe, 
which made that measure unnecessary. On thia 
point the treaty was therefore silent. 

Had the war been popular? 

Throughout its whole course the war had been 
/ery unpopular in the East, and great bitterness 
had arisen between different sections of the country. 



RECAPITULATION. 1814. 

Capture of Fort Erie, July 3d 

Battle of Chippewa, July 5th. 

" Luudy's Lane, July 25th. 

Siege of Fort Erie, August dth to September 21st. 

Battle of Bladeusburgh, August 24th. 

Burning of Washington, August 24th. 

Battle of Plattsburg, September 11th. 

" North Point, September 12th. 

Bombardment of Fort McHonry, September 13th, 

Treaty of Peace, December £4th 

1816. 
Battle of New Orleans, . . January 8th. 

NAVAL BATTLES. 1814. 

The Essex captured by two British shipb, . . . March 28th. 

The Epervier captured by the Peacock — Am., . . . April 29th. 

The Keludeer " " Wasp — Am., . . . June 28th 

McDonough's victory on I^ake Champlain, . . . September 11th. 

1815, 

Fue Cyane and Levant captured by the Constitution, Ifebruary 20t\i 
rha Penguin capt&red by the Hornet— Anu, .... March 28d 



120 WAR WITH ALGIERS. 



SECTION YIl. 

KROM THE END OF THE WAK "WITH GREAT BRITAIN TO THE 
COMMENCEMENT OF THE MEXICAN WAR. 

To what direction was the attention of the American Oovernr 
nient now turned? 

The American government being now released 
from the contest with Great Britain, determined to 
suppress the pirates of Algiers, who were in the 
habit of seizing our vessels and enslaving their 
crews. 

Who was sent against them, and with what success f 

Decatur was therefore sent, May, 1815, to the 
Mediterranean. He there took two Algerine frig- 
ates and six hundred prisoners; killed the admi- 
ral, and compelled the Dey of Algiers to release 
the American prisoners, and sign a humiliating 
treaty of peace. lie then proceeded to Tunis and 
Tripoli, and compelled them to sue for peace. 

Who succeeded Madison in the Presidency, and when ? 

James Monroe succeeded Madison as President, 
March 4th, 1817. 

WJiat war broke out in 1817, and who put an end to it f 

In 1817, a Seminole war broke out at the South. 
^General Jackson was sent against the Indians, and 
soon overran their country. 

What severe measures were purs^ied by Jackson f 

Thinking that the Indians were instigated by 
persons in Florida, he entered that possession of 
Spain, and seizing two men by the name of Ar 
buthnot and Ambrister, hung them as spies. 



THE FLORIDA WAR. 121 



Scab ira« this measure regarded f 

This summary procedure caused mucli debate 
throughout the country : but Congress approved 
of his conduct by a decided majority. It also met 
tlie approval of the President. 

Wlien was Florida ceded to the United States f 

In 1820, Florida was ceded by Spain to the Uni- 
ted States. 

State what is said of Lafayette's visit in 1824. 

Towards the close of Monroe's administration, 
Gen. Lafayette visited the United States. Ilis pro- 
gress was one continued triumph ; he became the 
guest of the whole nation, and finally returned to 

France, laden with honors, in a frigate prepared by 

government for his accommodation. 

Who succeeded Monroe, and what is said of his presidency ? 

John Quincy Adams was inaugurated President, 
March 4th, 1825. His administration was one of 
peace, and no events of importance marked the 
period of four years. 

Who succeeded Adams, and wheii ? 

General Jackson succeeded Adams, March 4th, 
1829. 

Afention the leading measures of his administration. 

His measures throughout his eight years were 
marked with great energy. He vetoed the bill to 
recharter the United States Bank, in the face of 
great opposition ; and repressed by his firmness the 
discontents of South Carolina, which had refused 
to pay the duties on imports levied by the Gov- 
ernment. 

FLORIDA WAR. 
What war brokt out in 1836? 

Id the year 1835, the Seminole war broke out in 

11 



122 THE FLORIDA WAR. 



Florida, and proved bloody, expensive, and pro- 
tracted. 

W7uit was the cause of this war f 

The cause of the war was a refusal on the part 
of the Indians to remove to the lands west of the 
Mississippi, agreed on by a treaty with the minority 
of the tribe. 

State what was said of one of their greatest chiefs. 

Osceola, one of their chiefs, distinguished for hi? 
talents, was placed in irons *by the Government 
agent. General Thompson, but was subsequently 
released on a promise that he would use all his in- 
fluence to persuade his people to remove. 

How was his imprisonment revenged f 

He, however, did not forget the affront, for lu 
the month of December, the house in which Gen 
Thompson was dining, was suddenly attacked. 
Thompson fell pierced with fifteen bullets, and the 
rest were nearly all killed or scalped. 

WJiat massacre occurred on the same day f 

On the same day, December 28th, Major Dade, 
while marching with a body of men to join Gen. 
Clinch, was slain with nearly all his corps. 

What other attacks followed? 

Gens. Clinch and Gaines were also successively 
attacked soon after, and with difficulty maintained 
their ground. 

Did the war continue through the year 1836 f 

Through 1836 the war still progressed, attended 
with the usual calamities of Indian warfare, massa 
cres, burnings, and single murders. 

WJiat became of Osce<^laf 

In 1837, Gen. Jessup drew Osceola into a con 
fereuce, and then imorisoned him. This remark 



THJS TLORl. A. WAR. 123 



able man died a prisoner in Fort Moultrie, January, 
1838. 

Was the American army mtccessftU during 183*7 1 

In December, 1887, Colonel Taylor, afterwards 
made President, distinguished himself by defeating 
the Indians near Lake Okeechobee, after a hard bat- 
tig of three hours. 

What foas the resielt ^f the battle? 

The loss on both sides was heavy, but the power 
of the Indians was completely broken, and they 
never afterwards assembled in any great bodies. 

Wlten and how was the war finally ended f 

The war continued till 1841, when it was ended 
by the capture or dispersal of the Indians, towards 
the close of the administration of Martin Yan Bu- 
ren. 

Who sricceeded Jackson as President, and when f 

Martin Yan Buren had succeeded Jackson as 
President, March 4th, 1837. 

Wlcat was the length of Van Buren^s administration f 

Yan Buren continued in office but one term, and 
was succeeded by Gen. William Henry Harrison, 
who was inaugurated in 1841. 

How long did Harrison remain in office, and by whom suc- 
ceeded? 

He died at the expiration of one mon;th, and was 
succeeded by John Tyler, Yice President. 

WJio succeeded Tyler, arid when ? 

On the 4th of March, 1845, James K. Polk, of 
Tennessee, became President. 

What is said of the state of the nation, up to the year 1845 ? 

From the termination of the Seminole war till 
the year 1845, no events of great importance had 
occurred. The nation, being at peace at home 



124 THE MEXICAN WAR 



and abroad, grew rapidly great, prosperous, and 
happy. 

RECAPITULATION. 

War with Algiers— Decatur's expedition, Mav, 1815. 

Seminole War— Jackson's expedition, .... February-, 181 S. 

Florida ceded to the United States, October, 1820. 

Lafayette's visit to the United States, August, 1824 

SEMINOLE WAU. 

War with the Seminoles breaks out, December, 1835. 

General Thompson's massacre, " " 

Dade's massacre — same day, " " 

Oscetla imprisoned, . .' October, 1887. 

Battle of Lake Okeechobee, December, 18S7 

Termination of the war, In the svring of 1841 



SECTION YIII. 

MEXICAN WAR. 
What im'portayit measure was authorized in 1845 ? 

In the early part of the year 1845, a bill was 
passed by Congress, authorizing, under certain limiU 
the annexation of Texas to the United States. 

Give a sketch of the history of Texas. 

Texas had been a province of Mexico, but hav* 
ing revolted, the inhabitants declared themselves 
independent, and. formed a republic in 1836. 

WJiat led to the war with Mexico ? 

Mexico did not, however, guarantee the inde- 
pendence of her revolted province, and accordingly 
when the annexation of Texas was ratified, war 
ensued between Mexico and the United States. 



THE MEXICAN W iR. 125 



U^eri and how were hostilities commenced? 

In January, 1846, Gen. Taylor was ordered to 
the mouth of the Eio Grande, to protect the fron- 
tier. On his march he fortified Point Isabel, and 
on the 28th of March encamped on the eastern 
h'ixns. of the river, opposite Matamoras, where he 
threw up fortifications, afterwards named Fort 
Brown. 

How did the Mexican Oovemment regard the^e movements ? 

The Mexican government, considering these acta 
as a declaration of war, and an invasion of their 
territory, notified Gen. Taylor, through Gen. Am- 
pudia, that t'hey should at once commence hostili- 
ties. 

Give an account of the capture of Captain Thornto'^^ party. 

On the same day, April 26th, Captain Thornton, 
with sixty-three dragoons, was surprised, about 
thirty miles from Taylor's eneampment, and com- 
pelled to surrender after a loss of sixteen men. 

Wliat is said of the manoeuvres of both armies ? 

A portion of the Mexican army then attempted 
to cut Taylor off from Fort Isabel, where were his 
stores : Taylor immediately marched against th^e 
enemy, and met them at Palo Alto on the 8th of 
May. 

WJien was the battle fought, and with what success? 

The Mexicans were six thousand strong, and the 
Americans only two thousand three hundred. 
After an obstinate engagement of five hours, the 
enemy were driven from the field. 

What was the loss on both sides f 

The loss of the Americans was nine killed and 
forty wounded; among the former was the brave 

11* 



]26 THE MEXICAN WAR. 



Major Ringgold of the artillery. The Mexican losa 
was about five hundred. 

What occtirred the next day P 

The next day — the 9 th — the Mexicans made a 
stand at Resaca de la Palma, three miles from Palo 
Alto. 

Give the first part of the battle. 

The American infantry advanced to the attack, 
and though they were well seconded by the flying 
artillery, were successfully resisted by the Mexican 
batteries which commanded the road. 

How was the engagement decided f 

Colonel May, at the head of the dragoons, was 
then ordered to charge the enemy's batteries. So 
furious was the onset, that Gen. La Yega was taken 
prisoner at his own guns. The infantry followed, 
and the Mexicans were everywhere driven from the 
field at the point of the bayonet 

In what direction did General Taylor noxo march ? 

Gen. Taylor then marched to Fort Brown, where 
he waited some months for reinforcements. These 
having arrived, he crossed the Rio Grande and at- 
tacked the fortified town of Monterey, on the 21st 
of September. 

What is said of the situation of Monterey f 

The siege presented fearful difficulties, for the 
town was situated on a rocky eminence, garrisoned 
by nine thousand men, and was well supplied with 
cannon and munitions of war. 

Describe the taking of Monterey. 

The troops, however, commanded by Generals 
Worth ani Quitman, surmounted every obstacle — 
took the works by assault, and passing into the 



THE MEXICAN WAR. 127 



streets, cut their way from house to house, under a 
galhng fire. 

How was the siege terminated f 

The enemy being now hemmed in, within the 
great square of the city, Gen. Ampudia, the Mex- 
ican commander, surrendered on the 24th of Sep- 
tember, and an armistice of eight weeks was agreed 
upon,' which was broken off before the expiration 
of that period. 

Were any other expeditions sent out f 

Two other enterprises had meanwhile been 
prosecuted in other directions — one under Gen. 
Wool against Chihuahua, and the other under Gen. 
Kearney against Santa Fe. 

WJiat is said of Kearney's f 

Kearney's expedition was entirely successful, 
for he experienced but little opposition in taking 
possession of the whole cf New Mexico. 

What occurred after this f 

The main body, under Colonel Doniphan, theu 
pressed on to Chihuahua, and on its march twice 
fought and repulsed the Mexicans, numbering four 
thousand. The Americans were but nine hun- 
dred. 

G^"* date and names of the battles, and the result of these vie- 
lories. 

The first of these engagements, the battle of 
Bracito, was fought December 25th, 1846, on the 
Rio Grande. The second, the battle of Sacra- 
mento, February 28th, 1847. Chihuahua was 
shortly after occupied by the Americans. 

What was Woors success? 

Gen. Wool's expedition, unable to find a route 
over the mountains of the Sierra Madre to Chihua- 



128 THE MEXICAN WAR. 



hua, changed its course and assisted Gen. Worth 
in overranning the state of Coahuila. 

WJiat is said of Taylor's situation ? 

Gen. Taylor remained at Monterey till the begin 
ning of February, 1847. While there, a great 
portion of the army had been withdrawn to 
strengthen the army of Gen. Scott, who had been 
ordered to march on the capital by way of Vera 
Uruz. 

State what happened to Taylor in this condition. 

In this critical situation, with many of his best 
troops gone and several of his generals, Santa 
Anna, the Mexican general, advanced against him 
with an army of seventeen thousand men. 

What course did Taylor at once adopt f 

Gen. Taylor thought it prudent to fall back to 
the plains of Buena Yista, and there prepared to 
meet the Mexican force. His troops numbered 
four thousand seven hundred. 

How did the battle commence f 

Here he was attacked by Santa Anna, Feb. 23d, 
^847. 

Give an accoicnt of it. 

The battle continued throughout the day. Sev- 
eral times victory seemed to incline to the enemy 
but the skill and bravery of the officers, together 
with the confidence of the army in Gen. Taylor, 
iinally prevailed. 

State the loss on both sides, and the effect. 

The enemy were routed with the loss of nearly 
two thousand, while that of Taylor was only seven 
hundred and forty-six. The battle of Buena Vist^ 
ended the war in the northern part of Mexico. 



THE MEXICAN WAR. 129 

What had happened on the Pacific coast f 

In the west, the province of California had been 
taken by the bravery and enterprise of Colonel 
Fremont, who was at the head of a party survey- 
ing a new route from California to the United 
States. 

Did he meet with opposition ? 

After several severe skirmishes, De Castro, the 
Mexican governor, was driven from the province, 
and California declared an independent State. 

When did this happen f 

This was in 1846, before the news of the break- 
ing: out of the war had arrived at the Pacific. 



o 



Did Fremont continue in power ? 

On the arrival of the declaration of war with 
Mexico, Commodore Stockton took the command, 
and by January, 1847, the whole province of Cali- 
fornia v,^as in possession of the Americans. 

GENERAL SCOTt's EXPEDITION. 

To the command of what expedition had Oen. Scott been ctp 
pointed ? 

Gen. Scott had been appointed to command an 
expedition which was to proceed to Mexico, by 
way of Vera Cruz. 

What was the first post taken, and when? 

On the 9th of March, 1847, hia troops landed 
near Yera Cruz. Batteries were soon erected, and 
80 terrible was the fire of the besiegers, that on the 
27th, Vera Cruz and the Castle of San Juan D'Ul- 
loa surrendered. 

uliat is said of the loss on both sides ? 

The American loss was only forty-five. The 



130 THE MEXICAl^ WAR. 

Mexicans had over one thousand killed, five hun 
dred of whom were the inhabitants, comprising 
men, women, and children. 

What spoils fell into the hands of the Americans t 

Five thousand stand of arms, four hundred 
pieces of ordnance, together with a great amount 
of ammunition and military stores, fell into the 
hands of the Americans. 

What is said of the Mexican force opposed to him f 

The march to Mexico now began. To oppose 
nim, Santa Anna, with fifteen thousand men, was 
encamped on the heights of Cerro Gordo, which 
commanded a defile on the road through which the 
army must pass. 

What was the plan of attack f 

Against this post Gen. Twiggs led one division 
of the army, while another was to proceed by a 
circuitous route, and make an attack on their rear. 

And what its success f 

About noon on the 18th of April, every post on 
the heights was in possession of the Americans, 
and three thousand prisoners captured, together 
with the entire military stores of the army. 

Narrate the progress of Gen. Scott. 

Next day the Americans occupied Jalapa ; they 
then advanced, and took the strong fortress of Pe 
rote without a blow, April 22d, and on the loth of 
May, Puebla was entered, where the whole army 
rested for reinforcements. 

Give the further movements of the army. 

On the 7th of August, Gen. Scott resumed his 
march to the city of Mexico at the head of ten 
thousand men, and on the 11th reached the valley 



THE MEXICAN WAR. 131 



&f Mexico, an<i! encamped at Ayotla, fifteen miles 
from the capital. 

Mliat if said of the approach to the city ? 

I'he only direct approach was by the National 
road, and this was strongly guarded and fortified. 

Did Gen. Scott choose this road? 

Gen. Scott, therefore, determined to lead hip 
army ronnd to San Angnstine, which was about 
ten miles from the city. 

Were there any strong potts on this route ? 

Along the road now chosen for his advance, three 
strong posts, Contreras, Churubusco, and Chapulte 
pec, disputed his march. 

Describe the attack on the first post. 

On the 20th of August, after a fearless and terri- 
ble assault of seventeen minutes, Contreras was ta- 
ken, though defended by seven thousand Mexicans. 

What success immediately followed ? 

In the afternoon the defences of Churubusco were 
carried at several points, and the Mexicans were 
compelled to retreat to the defences near the city. 

By what were hostilities interrelated f 

An armistice of several days now interrupted the 
progress of the war. The object of the armistice 
was to enable the Mexicans to come to t^rms by 
treaty^ but the object failed. 

Wlien and by what was the war resumed f 

' Active hostilities were resumed on the 8th of 
September, by the storming and capture of Molino 
del Rey and Casa Mata — two outerworks of the for- 
tress of Chapul tepee — by Gen. Worth, after a bloody 
battle, in which he lost six hundred of his division^ 

Mltat still remained to defend the city? 

There now remained nothing but tlie castle of 



132 THE MEXICAN WAR. 



Chapul tepee itsell' between the victorious Americans 
and tlie capital. 

IIoio teas Chapul tepee protected f 

This fortress was protected on nearly all sides by 
jagged and precipitous rocks, and was well supplied 
vith camion and ammunition. 

Give mi account of the taking of CJiapfiltepec. 

Gen. Scott, however, nothing daunted, opened his 

batteries against it on the 12th, and on the 13th of 

"^eptember, under cover of a shower of shel?'^ Uirown 

nto the fort, an assault was made, and Chapultepec 

was taken. 

By whom was the advance cnnfinned ? 

Generals Quitman and Worth then pressed on 
by different roads to the city. Every step in their 
progress was opposed by the enemy, who had 
erected works at different places on the route. 

A^hat is said of the sicccess of these divisions? 

Resistance proved unavailing. The troops ov^^r- 
came all obstacles, and at nig^htfall one of the divi- 
sions quartered within the gates of the city, the 
other in the suburbs. 

U'7<i// was now the situation of the 3fexicansf 

In this situation of affairs nothing was left to tin* 
m habitants but to submit, as the army of Santa 
Anna and all the officers had fled. 

iV hat followed? 

¥a\y\y on the morning of the 14th of September, 
IS47, the American army entered the city of Mex 
ico. 

When was the treaty of peace signed f 

After considerable delay a treaty of peace was 
concluded on the 2d of February, and was ratit^^ed 




HOTiJe olGeiieralScott fromTera Cruz to IMexico. 




THE MEXICAN WAR. 135 



by the Mexican government on the SOtli of May fol- 
lowing. 

WJiat were the provhiona on the part of Mexico ? 

On the part of Mexico, the treaty provided that 
New Mexico and California should be given up to 
the United States. 

On the part of the United States f 

The United States, on the other hand, were to 
relinquish all other captured posts, to pay Mexico 
fifteen millions of dollars for the territory, and as- 
sume the payment of the debts of Mexico to Amer- 
ican citizens. 

WJien did the American army leave the city f 

At length, on the Mth of June, the American 
army evacuated the city of Mexico, and directe<l 
their steps homeward. 

^^at is said of the remains of the army f 

Disease and death had thinned their ranks, but 
the great end of their labors had been attained, and 
a nation's thanks and rewards awaited these sufier- 
ers for a nation's glory. 

What occurred in June, 1848 ? 

The country was still rejoicing over the result 
of the war with Mexico, when, in June, 1848, it 
was announced that gold had been discovered in 
che valley of the Sacramento in California. 

How was th£ news received ? 

Great numbers immediately flocked from the 
United States, from Europe, and even from China, 
and immense quantities of gold were obtained. 

What new State was admitted driving the year ? 

Wisconsin was admitted into the Union during 
tlie same vear — 1848. 

12 



134 THE MEXICAN WAR. 

Who were elected President and Vice-President ? 

In the month of November General Taylor, cele 
brated in the Mexican war, was elected JPresiden^ 
and Millard Fillmore, of New York, Yice-Presi- 
lent. 

Taylor's administration. 

What itnporta7it event marked the beginning of Taylor's adminU 
iration ? 

President Taylor had scarce begun the active 
duties of his administratica — March 5th, 1849 — 
when California applied for admission into the 
Union. 

For what reason did this prove an important event ? 

By the constitution of the proposed new State, 
slavery had been excluded from its territory, and 
this provision produced intense excitement in Con- 
gress and throughout the Union. 

What occurred while the disc^tssion vxis going on ? 

While the question of its admission was still 
andecided, President Taylor died, July 9th, 1850, 
after serving a little more than one year and four 
months. 

By whom was he succeeded ? 

He was succeeded by Millard Fillmore, Yice- 
President, according to the provision of the Con- 
stitution, 

Ho^o was California at length admitted, and when ? 

Shortly after the commencement of Fillmore'ft 
administration California was admitted under the 
Compromise, sometimes known as the Omnibus 
Bill of 1850. 

Why was this called tJie Omnibits Bill? 

It was so called on account of the '^^arious pro- 
visions that, along with the admission of Califor 



THE MEXICAN WAR. 136 



nia, were introdujced to soothe the excited feelings 
of both sections of the Union. 

Who ims elected President in 1852 ? 

In November, 1852, Franklin Pierce, of New 
FTampshire, was elected President. 

PIERCERS ADMINISTRATION. 
Mention two lending events in Piercers administration. 

Two important events marked Pierce's adminis- 
tration ; the opening of trade with Japan, and 
the organization and settlement of Kansas terri- 
tory. 

State the object of the Japanese expedition. 

The expedition to Japan under Commodore 
Perry was sent out to obtain, if possible, a treaty 
of commerce, and thereby open that empire to 
American trade. 

What was the s^icccss of tfie expedition ? 

Commodore Perry was entirely successful, and 
a treaty was signed March, 1854. 

Why did the Ka?isas quedion agitate the country ? 

The bill for the organization of Kansas territory* 
produced great excitement throughout the Union, 
because the question of slavery was left to the de- 
cision of the settlers, who were greatly divided on 
this question. 

Wliat took place in Kansas ? 

Two territorial legislatures were organized ; then 
civil war followed ; and it was not until the arrival 
oC John W. Geary as Governor of Kansas wit a 
military authority, that peace was restored. 

Who was, in 1856, elected President? 

In the fall of 1856 James Buchanan, of Penn- 
ey Ivania, was chosen President, and inaugurated 
in March of the following year. 



186 THE MEXICAN WAK. 

RECAPITULATION. 
MKXIOAN WAB. — 1846. 

Capture of Thornton's party, . April 26th 

Battle of Fill o Alto, May Sth 

*' Resaca de la Palma, May 9th 

Surrender of Monterey, September 24th 

Battle of Bracito, December 25th 

California declared independent, July 4th. 

1847. 
Battle of Buena Vista, Febriiary 23d. 

" Sacramento, February 28th. 

Surrender of Vera Cruz, March 27th. 

Battle of Cerro Gordo, . . April 18th. 

" Contreras and Churubusco, . ; . . . Ausrnst 20tli. 

" Molino del Key and Casa Mata . . . September 8th 

" Chapultepec, ^ . September 13th 

City of Mexico entered . September 14th, 

184a 

Iteaty of peace concluded, ... ... February 2d 

Evacuation of the capital, .... June 12tk. 

KVKNT8 FEOM 1848 TO 1857. 

Gold discovered in the Sacramento Valley, 1848. 

Death of President Taylor, July 9, 1850. 

California admitted as a State, 1850. 

Treaty with Japan, March, ld54i 

Civil war in Kansus, 1855. 

James Bachanan, President, Maroh^ 1857. 



SECTION IX. 

BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 

Wl).at disturbance arose in the territory of Utah ? 

The Mormons, a new religious sect, after having 
been driven out from Illinois, settled in the terri- 
tory of Utah, and during the year 1857 resisted 
the officers of the United States Government, and 
forced them to leave the territorv. . 



BUCH ANANAS ADMINISTEATION. 137 



l^hat measures were adopted hj the United States f 

A body of two tliousand five hundred men was 
Bent by the Government to reduce the M-ornK>ncj 
to obedience, but on promise of pardon the leaders 
submitted without bloodshed. 

Tlliat States were admitted under this administration? 

In the year 1858, Minnesota was admitted as a 
State; Oregon followed next year, 1859; and in 
1861 Kansas was also admitted into the Union. 
These all came in as free States. 

Was Kansas admitted without dlfJicuUy ? 

The contest in Congress over the admission of 
Kansas with its anti-slavery Constitution was par- 
ticularly bitter and protracted. It began as early 
as December, 1855, and was not closed until more 
than five years afterwards. 

W^as ike excitement on slavery confined to Congress ? 

The agitation extended throughout the country, 
and was increased by a decision of the United 
States Supreme Court, March, 1857, that negroes 
were not citizens. 

Wltat increased the excitement? 

In the midst of this continued excitement, the 

country was astounded, in October, 1859, by the 

news of tlie seizure of the United States arsenal at 

Harper's Ferry by John Brown, at the head of 

wenty-one followers. 

How was Brown's movement met ? 

He was immediately attacked by United States 
troops, and after a determined resistance of thirty 
hours, in which the greater part of his band was 
either killed or wounded. Brown, with others, 
was taken prisoner. He and six of his compan- 



138 Buchanan's administratton. 



ious were soon afterwards tried, convicted, and 
hung. 

What appears to Tiave been Brown's object f 

Brown's object, as constantly avowed by him 
after his capture, and at the trial, was to free the 
felaves, and assist them to escape. 

Who were elected President and Vice-President f 

The Presidential election followed in JS'ovember, 
and Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, was elected 
President, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, Yice- 
President. Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breck- 
inridge, and John Bell were the opposing candi- 
dates. 

What foUowed the election of Lincoln ? 

Mr. Lincoln was the candidate of the Repub- 
lican party, which was opposed to slavery, and 
his election so exasperated the Southern leaders, 
that they determined to break up the Union. 

Which was the Jirst State to secede ? 

The State of South Carolina was the first to 
move, and on the 20th of December, 1860, she 
resolved, in convention at Charleston, to secede 
from the Union. 

What events followed ? 

Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louis- 
iana, and Texas followed, and on the -Ith of Feb- 
ruary a Government was formed at Montgomery. 
Alabama, called the Confederate States of 
America, and. Jefferson Davis was elected Pro 
visional President, February 8th. 

Hoiu did the new Government act ? 

The new Confederate Government acted with 
great vigor ; forts and arsenals were seized, and 
troops were called out and drilled. 



WAK OF THE REBELLION — 1861. 139 



What measures did the United States adopt ? 

The Government of the United States, on the 
other hand, did little or nothing. Without troopa, 
and surrounded by those who at heart sympatliized 
with secession, it took no active measures to eii 
"^.ourage the country or repress the rebellion. 



RECAPITULATION. 

Mormon disturbances, 1857 

Minnesota admitted as a State, 1858. 

Oregon " " " . 1859. 

Excitement in relation to admission of Kansas, . . . 1855-1861- 

John Brown's raid, October, 185if. 

Abraham Lincoln elected President, 1860. 

South Carolina secedes from the Union, . . . December 20, 1860 



SECTION X. 

LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 

WAR OF THE REBELLION 1861. 

What is said of the inauguration of Lincoln ? 

The inauguration of Mr. Lincoln as President 
took place March 4, 1861, in the midst of this 
gloomy and deplorable state of affairs. 

What event roused the %ohole nation ? 

Matters were brought to a crisis on the 12th of 
April, 1861. Fort Sumter, which commanded the 
entrance to Charleston harbor, and was still held 
by the United States Government, was bombarded 
by South Carolina troops, under General Beaure- 



14 WAR OF THE REBELLION 1861. 

gard, and after a heroic resistance of thirty-four 
hours was compelled to surrender. 

Haw teas this met hy the President and tJie North? 

The attack on Sumter roused the feelings of the 
entire North, and a call by the President for sev- 
enty-five thousand men was answered by the 
people with the most hearty readiness. 

What effect did it prodiice on the South ? 

It produced a similar feeling throughout the 
South — and Virginia, April IT ; North Carolina, 
May 20 ; Arkansas, May 6 ; and Tennessee, June 
8, joined the Confederacy. Kentucky remained 
neutral, and Missouri was only prevented from 
seceding by Captain Lyon, United States army, 
who broke up a camp of rebels, and saved the 
United States arsenal. 

W?iat places were seized hy the Covfederates ? 

Harper's Ferry and the armory there were 
seized by the Confederates, April ISth ; the navy 
yard at Norfolk, April 20th ; and the national 
capital was threatened with an immediate attack. 

When and where was the first blood shed ? 

The first blood in the rebellion was shed in the 
streets of Baltimore. A body of Massachusetts 
militia, on their way to the defense of Washington, 
was attacked by the mob, April 19, and two Bol- 
diers were killed. 

What was doing by the national Government f 

Meanwhile troops were moving from all parts 
of the loyal States to the defence of the capital, 
and President Lincoln called for eighty-two thou- 
sand volunteers for the army and navy. 

What is said of the Federals at Fortress Mom-oe f 

General Butler was stationed at Fortress Mon- 



WAR OF THE REBELLION 1861. 14:1 

roe with fifteen thousand troops — and on the 10th 
of June he attacked the enemy at Big Bethel, but 
was repulsed with loss. 

What occurred in Western Virginia ? 

Western Virginia was overrun by the Federal 
troops, after a seri^ of battles. The most im- 
portant of these were Eich Mountain, won by 
General McClellan, July 11, and Carnifex Ferry, 
on the Gauley liiver, by General Eosecrans, Sep- 
tember 10th. 

miere was the main portion of the Confederate army stationed? 

The Confederate army was stationed at Ma- 
nassas Junction, twenty-seven miles from Alex- 
andria. General McDowell attacked them in 
force, July 21st, at Bull Eun. 

What ivas the result of the battle ? 

The beginning of the battle was favorable tu 
the national troops; but the Confederates being 
re-enforced, the Union army was compelled to 
retreat to the vicinity of Washington. 

Where and when did the Confederates appoint their capital ? 

On the 20th of July Eichmond was made the 
capital of the Confederate Government, 

Who was now appointed to command the army t 

After the disaster at Bull Eun, General McClel- 
lan, who had been successful in Western Virginia, 
was placed in command of the army around W ash- 
ington, which soon amounted to one hundred and 
fifty thousand men. 

State what is said of the disaster at BalVs Bluff? 

On the 21st of October, Colonel Baker was sent 
across the Potomac, with one thousand men. He 
was attacked by a superior force at Ball's Blu^* 



142 WAR OF THE REBELLION 1861. 

he himself killed, and his command compelled to 
recross the river with great loss of life. 

How was this regarded hy tlie North ? 

The North was deeply agitated by this defeat, 
and great blame was thrown on Baker's superiors 
for leaving him unsupported. 

EVENTS IN MISSOURI AND KENTUCKY. 
What was the state of affairs in Missouri ? 

In Missouri the rebels were making desperate 
efforts to bring the State into the Confederacy. 

What occurred at Carthage on Hie htli of July f 

On the 5th of July a battle was fought near 
Carthage, between the rebel forces and a body of 
Union troops under Colonel Sigel. He was at 
lirst successful, but was compelled to fall back, 
overpowered by superior numbers. 

What attempt did General Lyon malce to save the State f 

General Lyon, with a small force, attacked a 
large body of Confederates at Wilson's Creek, 
August 10th. During the battle he was killed ; 
and his army, unable to hold the ground from 
which they had driven the enemy, were compelled 
to retreat. 

Mention the movements of fhe Confederates in Kentucky? 

Although Kentucky had declared herself neu- 
tral, the Confederates fortified Columbus on the 
Mississippi, and also occupied Belmont, which lay 
uu the opposite bank. 

What occurred^ Novernber 7th, at Belmo7it f 

General Ulysses S. Grant attacked Belmont, 
November 7, and drove the enemy from the post ; 
but re-enforcements arriving, the Confederatea 
rallied, and drove him back with severe loss. 



WAR OF THE REBELLION — 18G1. 143 



OPERATIONS ON THE COAST. 

What forts were captured on tlie North Carolina coast f 

On the 29th of August, the forts on Hatteras" 
Inlet, North Carolina, were taken by a combined 
force under Commodore Stringham and General 
Butler. 

State the operations on the South Carolina coast ? 

On the 7th of November. Commodore Dupont 
and General Thomas W. Sherman took the forts 
at Hilton Head, the entrance to Port Royal, South 
Carolina. 

What is said of the blockade of the coast ? 

The National Government had with great vigor 
begun to blockade the ports on the entire Southern 
coast. The Confederates, assisted by English 
capitalists, made strenuous efforts to break through 
the blockade. 

What persons did Captain Wilkes seize ? 

Towards the close of the ye?.r, November 8, 
James M. Mason and John Slidell were seized by 
Captain Wilkes, United States steamer San Ja- 
cinto, on board the British steamer Trent, while 
on their way from Havana, as Confederate envoys, 
to France. 

How did Great Britain receive the news ? 

Great Britain at once demanded the return of 
the envoys, and pronounced their capture an in- 
sult to her flag. She also prepared for war by 
Bending troops to Canada. 

What was the conduct of the United States Government ?' 

The United States Government had, however, 
promptly disavowed the acts of Captain Wilkes, 
\B(\. restored the two captured envoys to liberty. 



144 WAR OF THE KEBELLION— 1862. 



EVENTS OF 1861. 

Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, secede, January 

Kansas admitted into the Union, January 2ytu. 

Texas secedes, February 1st. 

Rebel delegates meet to organize a Confederacy, at 

Montgomery, Alabama, February 4th. 

Jefferson Davis elected Provisional President, . . February 8th. 

Lincoln inaugurated, Marcli 4tli, 

Fort Sumter attacked, April 12th. 

" evacuated, April 13th. 

Virginia secedes, April 17th. 

Harper's Ferry seized by tlie Confederates, .... April 18th. 
First blood shed in the rebellion — Baltimore, .... April 19th. 
Norfolk navy yard seized by Confederates, .... April 20th. 

President calls for 82,.U00 troops, May 3d. 

Arkansas secedes, May 6th. 

Korth Carolina secedes, May 20th. 

Tennessee secedes, June 8th. 

General Butler repulsed at Big Bethel, June 10th. 

Battle at Carthage, Missouri, July 5th. 

Battle of Eich Moautain, Virginia, July 11th. 

Richmond, Virginia, made the Confederate capital, . . July 20th, 
Defeat of Union troops at Bull Run, Virginia, . . . July 2l8t. 

Battle of Wilson's Creek, August lOth. 

Forts at Hatteras lulet, North Carohna, captured, . August 29th. 

Battle at Carnifex Ferry, Virginia, September lOth. 

Battle of Ball's Bluff, Virginia, October 21st. 

Battle of Belmont, Missouri, November 7th. 

Capture of Forts at Hilton Head, Port Royal, S. C, November 7h. 
Seizure of Mason and Slidell on the Trent, . . . November 8th. 



WAR OP THE REBELLION— 1862. 

EVENTS IN KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE. 
What victory contnhvted to free Kentucky frcrm Confederatetf 

On the lOtli of January General Thomas jmt 
new life into the Union canse, by gaining the 
battle of Mill Spring in Kentucky. 

Against u'?iat two forts did the Union army mov« in the m mih 
fcUowing f -r* -r\ i j 

Fort Henry on the Tennessee, and Fort Donud- 



WAK OF THE REBELLION 1862. 145 

Bon on the Cumberland, were important points. 
Against these, a flotilla of gunboats under Com- 
modore Foote, and a land force under Genera] 
Grant, were put in motion, and captured Fort 
Henry, February 6th, and Fort Donelson on the 
16th. 

Was tloe capture of Fort Donelson particularly important f 

In Fort Donelson were taken twelve thousand 
prisoners, and an immense supply of warlike ma- 
terial and provisions. The capture of the forts 
opened the way to JSTashville, the capital of the 
State. 

In what direction did Grant then move f 

General Grant did not remain inactive. He 
advanced as far as Pittsburg Landing, on the 
Tennessee River. Here, on the 6th of April, he 
was suddenly attacked by Generals Beauregard 
and Johnson, and after suffering terrible loss, was 
only saved by the gunboats from destruction. 

How did he retrieve this disaster ? 

On the following morning he was re-enforced 
by General Buell, and in turn attacked the enemy. 
After a severe battle the Confederates fell back, 
leaving behind them nearly all they had captured 
on the previous day. The battle is known also by 
the name of Shiloh. 

Who assumed command ? 

General Plalleck arrived and took command of 
the Union army, and followed the Confederates to 
Corinth, which they evacuated on Halleck's com- 
mencing to bombard it, May 30th. 

What was talcing place elsewhere on the second day of the hattk 5/ 
Pitt>tb urg Landmg ? 

The struggle for the control of the upper Mia- 



14:6 WAR OF THE EERELLION 1S63. 

sissippi continued, and on tiie 7tli of April Conj- 
modore Foote, assisted by a land fopce under 
General Pope, captured Island No. 10, with live 
thousand prisoners, after a bombardment of 
twentj-three days. Island Ko. 10 was a very 
strong place in the river between Kentucky and 
Missouri. 

Where did the flotilla tJien move f 

The gunboats, under Commodore Davis, then 
moved down the river, and after two engagements 
with the enemy's fleet, in which the latter w^.-j 
almost destroyed, Memphis, Tennessee, surren- 
dered, June 6 th. 



CAMPAIGN IN VIRGINIA. 
Mention the first movements of General McGlellan in 1862. 

Early in the spring General McClellan made a 
forward movement from his quarters south of the 
Potomac ; but the enemy retired before him. 

Bid McClellan continue to advance? 

Changing the plan of the campaign, he em 
barked his forces, and proceeded to Fortress Mon- 
roe, from which place he commenced his inarch 
towards Richmond, April 4. 

Where did he st<yp^ and how long? 

At Yorktown he found the enemy strongly en- 
trenched. He invested the place, and at the end 
of a month the enemy fell back. 

WItat occurred at William,shurgh ? 

He came up with them at Williamsburgh, May 
5, when a sharp engagement occurred, ending in 
favor of the National troops. He then pushed ou 
o within seven miles of Richmond. 



WAH OP THE REBELLION 18G2. 147 



What movements were made ly the enemy f 

Meanwhile the enemy abandoned Norfolk, May 
9, blew up the famous ram Yirginia, May 11, and 
thus opened the James Kiver to the Federal 
gunboats. 

Did the Confederates remair^ inactive ? 

On the 31st of May the Confederates attacked 
McClellan at Fair Oaks, but were repulsed after 
a bloody battle of two days, in which General 
Johnston, the Confederate commander, was seriously 
wounded. 

What important movement loas m/ide by the Confederates ? 

Lee was appointed Commander-in-chief in hii? 
place, and being joined by General Jackson, at- 
tacked McClellan while changing his base from 
the Chickahominy Biver to the James. 

In what success did this movement result ? 

Seven days of most bloody and determined 
fighting followed, from June 25th to July Ist in- 
clusive; but McClellan, with tremendous loss in 
men and material, succeeded in reaching Harri- 
son's Landing on the James. 

How did Mr. Lincoln act in this emergency ? 

The state of affairs was so alarming to the Union 
cause, that President Lincoln immediately, July Ist, 
made a call on the States for three hundred thou- 
sand men. 

What were the movements of Lee ? 

General Lee thus relieved by the retreat of 
McClellan from all anxiety about Richmond, 
moved rapidly north to attack Washington. In 
his progress he was opposed by General Fope. 

Where arhd when did Lee receive a slight check ? 

Lee's advanced corps was struck by Gener?J 



[4:8 WAR OF THE KEBELI.ION 1862. 



Banks at Cedar Monutai^i, August 9, and waa 
compelled to %11 back until tlie main body came 
up. 

State the progress of the Ccinfederates. 

Pope then fell back, heavily pressed by Lee. 
At Manassas and Bull Run heavy loss was sus- 
tained, in the latter part of August, by the Union 
troops — and at Chantilly, September 1st, where 
the Union Generals Stevens and Kearney were 
killed. 

What is said of Generals Pope and Mc(P,eUan ? 

Pope, however, succeeded in getting within the 
^iitrenchments of Wi^-shington. Here McClellan. 
cjviled from the James Kiver, joined Pope, and 
took the command. 

Did Lee still press forward ? 

Lee then pushed across the Potomac into Mary- 
land; but w-as compelled to fight the battle of 
South Mountain, September 14th, and to fall back 
to Antietam Creek in Maryland. 

What important captxire was made by a portion of Lee'' s army? 

The left wing of Lee"s army, under General 
Jackson, captured Harpei's f'erry, September 
15th, with an immense amount of military gtorea 

What important battle- took place September 17 / 

On the 17th of September the battle of Antietam 
was fought, and Lee was defeated. But notwith- 
standing this he was able to recross the Potomr^c 
in good order. 

Who succeeded General McCiellan in cortimandf 

General McCiellan was superseded by General 
Burnside, November 7th. Towards the close of 
the year, Burnside moved on Pich:nond by way 
of 1 rcQ^ricksburgh. Here he crossed the river, 



WAE OF THE REBELLION — 1862. 149 

but was defeated, December 13tli, with terriblo 
loss. 



EVENTS IN THE WEST. 
What movements took place in Kentucky f 

In tlie montli of August the Confederate Gen- 
eral Kirby S.mith moved from Knoxville, East 
Tennessee, and occupied Richmond, Lexington, 
and Frankfort. 

Bow were tJoe Confederate movements checked ? 

General Bragg attempted to join Kirby Smith, 
and capture Louisville, but was prevented by 
General Buell, who, after watching Bragg's move- 
ments closely, encamped around the city. 

Did Bragg succeed in Ma plans? 

Bragg then fell back, followed by Buell, who 
attacked him at Perry ville, October 8th, and de- 
feated him with considerable loss. Bragg, liow- 
ever, made good his retreat into East Tennessee 
with an immense amount of plunder. 



EVENTS IN THE SOUTHWEST. 
What important victory was gained in Arkansas ? 

At Pea Bidge in Arkansas, on the 8th of 
March, General Curtis, after a severe battle, last- 
ing three days, gained a brilliant victory over a 
Confederate army under General Yan Dorn. 

Where were the Union forces stationed in the southwest ? 

In Mississippi, during the greater part of tlie 
year, the Federal forces were stationed arouLcl 
Corinth. 

state what is said of Genial Rosecran^. 

On the 19th of September General Bosecrans 



loO WAR OF THE REBELLION 1862. 

defeated General Price at luka, and on the 4tli of 
October lie drove back Generals Yan Dorn and 
Price, who had made a vigorous attack on 
Corinth. 

Wliat bloody battle commenced December ZOth f 

On the 30th of December General Bragg at- 
tacked Rosecrans, at Murfreesboro. The battle 
lasted till the 2d of January, and the enemy ny 
treated on the day following. The loss on both 
sides was very heavy. 

What other TnoveTnenf was m,ade in Mississippi ? 

Generals Grant and Sherman, in December, 
moved into Mississippi, to attack Vicksburg, but 
were compelled to fall back. 



EVENTS ON THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI LOUISIANA. 

What important <ixpedition was sent out to the Lower Mississippi ? 

An expedition, under the command of General 
Butler and Cr»mmodore Farragut, was sent, in the 
spring, to ase^.nd the Mississippi, and take posses- 
sion of New Orleans. Forts Jackson and PhiL'p 
commanded the river, seventy-five miles below 
the city. 

What brilUcyr ' and successful rnxmement was made hij Farragut f 

After six days unsuccessful bombardment. Ad- 
miral FariMgut, on the 24th of April, ran past the 
forts, amid a terrible fire, and at once attacked 
and destroyed .the Confederate fleet. lie theii 
anchored abreast of New Orleans, April 25th. 

What followed ? 

General Butler now took command of the city. 
On the 2Sth, three days after Farragiit's brilliant 
Buceess, Forts Philip and Jackson surrendered 



WAR OF THE KEBELLIOl^ — 18()2. IHl 

to Commodore Porter, who liad been left in com- 
mand of the mortar boats. 

EVENTS ON THE COAST. 

^7iat combined expedition was »ent of in Fehrtuiry? 

On the 8th of February, 1862, an expedition 
under command of General Burnside and Commo 
dore Goldsborough, captured Roanoke Islan-.i, 
taking three thousand prisoners. 

What places were captured in March and April ? 

Newbern, North Carolina, was taken by Burn- 
side on the 14th of March, and Beaufort, an im- 
portant seaport in the same State, was taken 
April 25th. 

What was the success of Gillmore''s movement against Fort Pulaski f 

On the 11th of April, Fort Pulaski, defending 
the entrance to Savannah, surrendered to General 
Gillmore after a severe bombardment. 

What disaster 'befell our navy at Fortress Monroe^ March ^th ? 

The frigate Merrimac, captured bj the Confed- 
erates at Norfolk navy yard in 1861, had beeri 
changed into an iron covered ram — the Virginia. 
On the 8th of March she suddenly fell on the two 
frigates Cumberland and Congress, and sunk 
them. 

How was the career of tlte " ram " suddenly cut short ? 

The ram intended to attack the national vessels 
in Hampton Roads next day, but fortunatel}'^ 
during the night, an iron plated vessel, named tho 
Monitor, arrived, and next morning, March 9th, 
attacked the Yirginia, and compelled her to return 
to Norfolk in a disabled state. The Yirginia waa 
blown up by the Confederates when tbey aban- 
doned Norfolk in Mav. 



02 WA.R OF THE SEBELLION 1863. 



EVENTS OF 1862. 

Battle of Mill Springs, Kentucky, January 19th. 

Capture ot if'ort Jtieury, Tennessjee, February 6th. 

Capture of Roanoke Island, NortJi Carolina, . . . February 8th. 

Capture of Fort Donelson, Tennessee, February 16th. 

Battle of Pea Ridge. Arkansas, March 6th-8th, 

The Congress and tne Cumberland sunk by the ram, . March 8th. 

Monitor disables the ram Virginia, March 9th 

Newbern, North Carolina, captured, March 14:th. 

Battle of Pittsburgh Landing— Shiloh, April 6th-7th. 

Island No. 10, Mississippi River, taken, April 7th. 

Capture of Fort Pulaski, Georgia, April 11th. 

Farragut passes Forts Philip and Jackson, April 24th. 

New Orleans captured, , . April 25th 

Capture of Beaufort, North Carolina, April 25th. 

Forts Philip and Jackson surrender, April 28th. 

Battle of Willianisburgh, May 5th. 

Norfolk evacuated by the rebels, May 9th. 

Evacuation of Corinth, May 30th. 

Battle of Fair Oaks, May 31st to June Isl 

Memphis surrendered, June 6th. 

Seven days' battles — Chickahominy to the James, June 25 to J uly 1. 

President calls for 300,000 men, July l^t. 

Battle of Cedar Mountain, August 9th. 

Pope's retreat — heavy battles, . . August 26th to September 1st. 

Battle of South Mountain, September 14th. 

Capture of Harper's Ferry, September 15th. 

Battle of Antietam Creek, September ITth. 

Battle of luka, September 19th. 

Kattle of Corinth. October 4th. 

Battle of Perry ville, October 8th. 

Battle of Fredericksburg, December 13th. 

iiattle of Murfreesboro, . . . December SOth to J anuaiy 2d, 180^ 



WAE OF THE REBELLION— 18G.S 
What important proclamation was made January \st, 1863 ? 

On the First day of January, 1S63, President 
Lincoln issued his famous prodamation abolishing 
slavery in all States except such as were held bj 
Federal rule. 



WAR OF THE EEBELLION 1863. 153 



CAMPAIGN IN VIRGINIA. 

W/iat change was made in the command of the army of the Potomac 

General Bumside resigned liis command of tb 
army of the Potomac, and General Hooker was 
Appointed in his stead, January 26th. 

Was Hooker successful in his advance on Hichmorid f 

He led the army towards Richmond about th«»j 
end of April, and on the 2d and 3d of May he 
attacJied the enemy at Chancellorsville, but was 
defeated with the loss of twelve thousand men, 
and compelled to retreat across the river Rappa- 
hannock. In this battle General Jackson, a Con- 
federate general, was mortally wounded. 

What is said of Stoneman's raid ? 

At the same time that Hooker made his ad- 
vance. General Stoneman made a raid with hi? 
cavalry, and a portion of his force went within 
two miles of Richmond. 

Sow did Lee retaliate ? 

About the beginning of June General Lee ad- 
vanced into Maryland and Pennsylvania, by the 
way of the Shenandoah valley, and penetrated 
within four miles of Harrisburg. 

How was Lee's vigorous movement met f 

General Meade, who had been called to the 
command of the army in place of Hooker, joine<] 
battle with Lee at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on 
July 1st, and the contest continued for several 
days. 

ItMiat was the result of the dattle of Gettysburg ? 

On the 4th of July Lee retreated, and crossed 
the Potomac, followed by Meade. The battle was 
the bloodiest of the war. Of the Union forces 
nearly twenty-four thousand, and of the Confed- 



154 WAR OF THE REBELLION 1863. 



ei*ates over forty thousand, were killed, wounded, 
or prisoners. This terminated for the year 1863 
active operations by the army of the Potomac. 

MOVEMENTS IN ARKANSAS AND MISSISSIPPI. 
What is said of Grant and Sherman's mavements ? 

The point that General Grant aimed at was 
Yicksburg, a commanding post on the Mississippi 
River. While he was collecting his forces for a 
renewed attempt. General Sherman, with Admiral 
Porter, moved into Arkansas. 

Were Sherman and Porter successfvl f 

They captured Arkansas Post, January 11th, 
with the garrison numbering five thousand men, 
'jesides other places, and returned to the Mississippi, 
where they joined General Grant, a few miles Irom 
Vicksburg. 

What places did the Confederates hold on the Mississippi ? 

The Confederates held Yicksbm-g, Grand Gulf, 
ruid Port Hudson, which gave them the command 
uf the Mississippi Piver. 

What was Grants success at frst against Vichsburg f 

Grant, failing to get into the rear of Yicksburg 
by means of the Yazoo Piver on the north of the 
city, crossed the Mississippi with his army, and 
descended some distance below Yicksburg. The 
gunboats ran gallantly past the batteries in tbs 
night, and joined him below. 

What was his next move? 

He then re-crossed the river. May 1st, defeated 
the enemy in several battles, and forced his way 
Lo the rear of the city. May iTth. 

What did he then resolve on^ and with what success ? 

Finding the place too strong to be taken by 



WAR OF THE KEBELLIeN ^C^3. 155 

assault, he commenced a regular siege. General 
Pemberton, who commanded tl*e Confederates, 
being straitened for provisions, and seeing no 
hope of assistance, on tlie 4th of July surrendered 
is army of thirty thousand men prisoners ot war. 

WJiat followed the surrender of Vlclcsburg ? 

The surrender of Yicksburg compelled that of 
Port Hudson, which surrendered to General 
Banks, July 8th. 

EVENTS IN TENNESSEE, AND NORTHERN GEORGIA. 
What tpere the frst movements in, Tennessee ? 

The close of the battle ®f Murfreesboro had 
opened the year in West Tennessee. General 
Rosecrans commenced a forward movement in the 
month of June, and compelled General Bragg to 
fall back into JN^orthern Georgia. 

Did Bragg make no stand ? 

Bragg being re-enforced, turned suddenly on 
Posecrans near Chickamauga Creek. After a 
bloody contest of two days, September 19th and 
20th, in which General Thomas, at its close, saved 
the Federal army from destruction, Bragg com- 
pelled him, with a loss of seventeen thousand men, 
t(; retreat within the defences of Chattanooga. 

What saved the Federal army from ruin ? 

The situation of the army here was alarming ; 
but fortunately General Hooker arrived with re- 
euforcements, and General Grant was appointed 
to supersede Posecrans. 

What brilliant results followed ? 

The Confederates had occupied two heights 
overlooking Chattanooga — Lookout Mountain and 



156 WAB OJ! THE REBELLION 1863. 



Missionary Kidge. The former post was attacked 
and brilliantly earned by General Hooker, Iso 
venibei 24th, and next day the enemy were driven 
from Missionary Eidge. Bragg then retreated 
into Georgia. 



EAST TENNESSEE. 
To what dutvwas General Burndde assigned ? 

General Surnside, in September, at the head of 
a strong force, marched to assist the loyalists oi 
East Tennessee. 

WTw attempted to prevent Burnside? 

General Longstreet, with a Confederate army, 
by forced marches, arrived near Knoxville soon 
after Burnside, and made an attack, but was 
repulsed, November 29th. 

Who came to the assistance of Burnside ? 

After the battle of Lookout Mountain and re- 
treat of Bragg, General Sherman moved to the 
assistance of Burnside, and Longstreet retreated, 
December 3d, and joined Lee in Virginia. 



SOUTHERN MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS. 
What Confederate attempts were mxide in Missouri and Arkansas ? 

In Southern Missouri and Arkansas Generals 
^Jarmaduke and Price made strenuous efforts to 
advance the Confederate cause ; but they were 
beaten at several points during the first half of 
the year 1863. 

By whom were matters settled ? 

On the 10th of September, General Steele, the 
Union General, took possession of Little Hock, tlie 



WAH OF THE REBELLION 1863. 167 



capital of Arkansas, and shortly afterwards over- 
ran the whole State. 

morgan's raid into INDIANA AND OHIO. 
What raid was commenced in June ? 

General Morgan, an active Confederate trooper 
starting from Kentucky in June, with twenty-fiv 
hundred cavalry, crossed into Indiana, and swept 
through that portion of the State of Ohio bordering 
on the Ohio Kiver, plundering and destroying a^i 
he went. 

What was Morgan's plan, and hjw prevented ? 

His plan was to join Lee's invading force in 
Maryland; but this the State militia, by their 
activity, prevented, meeting and hemming him in 
at different points. 

What was the end of the raid ? 

He had also been closely followed from Ken- 
tucky by a body of Union cavalry, who overtook 
and defeated him, July 21st. Morgan and the 
remainder of his force was captured on the 26th, 
near IsTew Lisbon, Ohio. 

EVENTS ON THE COAST. 
Wlat is said of the expedition against Charleston ? 

The capture of Charleston, South Carolina, had 
been deemed a matter of great importance. On 
the 7th of April, a powerful body of iron-clad 
ghips, under Admiral i)u Pont, attempted to force 
a passage into the harbor, but was driven back 
with loss. 

Was anything further done there this year? 

General Gillmore was then sent with a land 
force, and took possession of the south end of 



158 WAR OF THE REBELLION — 1863. 

Morris Island. After several months' bombard- 
ment, be C'mpelled the enemy, September 7tb, to 
evacuate Fort Wagner and Battery Glregg, at the 
northern end of the island, and battered down 
the south face of Forr Sumter. 

Ebw long did the siege of Giiarleston last f 

From this time onward till the evacuation of 
Charleston in 1865, the city was under the fire of 
the Federal guns. 

WTiat mention is made of other expeditions f 

Several expeditions were sent out by General 
Banks from New Orleans, to secure a footing on 
the Texas coast, and Brownsville and Corpus 
Christi were occupied. 



What important measure was passed in March t 

On the 3d of March, Congress passed a Con- 
scription Act. In accordance with this, the 
President, in May, called for a draft of tliree 
hundred thousand men. 

What happened in New York city in attempting to enforce the draft? 

Throughout the years 1861, '6:^, '63, a strong 
feeling of opposition to the war had manifested 
itself. On attempting to enforce the draft in the 
city of New York on the 13th of July, a riot 
broke out, and continued to rage for three days. 
It Avas marked by great destruction of life and 
property, and also by deadly animosity towards 
people of color. 

What State teas admitted this year f 

A large part of Virginia on the west had re- 
mained loyal to the Union. On the 20th of June, 



WAK OF THE REBELLION 1864. 159 



4 

this portion, organized into a State, was admitted 
'nto the Union, nn(ier the name of West Yu'ginia. 



EVENTS OP 1863. 

President Lincoln's Emuncipition Proclamation, . . January Ist 
Capture of Arkansas Post, Arkansaa^ ... . January IHh. 

Naval attack on Fort Sumter, April Hb. 

Daring cavalry raid of Grierson through. Mississippi, . April 17th. 

Battle of Chan cellorvilJe, May 2d and 8d. 

Grant's battles in Mississippi, May lst-17th. 

Lee again invades Maryland, . . June 

West Virginia admitted as a State, . , June 20th, 

Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvan-i, July lst-3d. 

Surrender of Vicksburg, Mississippi, July 4th, 

Surrender of Port Hudson, Louisiana, July 8th, 

Great riot in New York city, July 13th-16th. 

Morgan's raid through Ohio ended, July 26th. 

Forts Wagner and Gregg, South Carolina, evacuated, September 7th. 

Capture of Little Rock, Arkansas^ September 10th. 

Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, .... September 19th-20th. 

Battle at Lookout Mountain, November 24th. 

Battle at Missionary Eidge, November 25th. 

Longstreet repulsed at Knoxville, Tennessee, . November 29th. 
Longstreet retreats, December 3d 



WAR OF THE REBELLION— 1864 
Did the Government show any discouragement ? 

The Government entered on the year 1864 with 
renewed vigor, and the President called, for fresh 
levies. 

State the several calls for troops during the year. 

On the 1st of February he called for over three 
hundred thousand men ; on_the 14th of March for 
two hundred thousand ; on July 18th for five hun- 
dred thousand ; and on December 20th for three 
handled thousand more. The country met these 
ca lis with a noble spirit of patriotism. 



lij^ WAK OF THE KEEELLION — 1864. 



EVENTS IN LOUISIANA. 

What expedition zvas sent out early in 1864 ? 

Early in the year General Banks and Adniira 
Porter entered the Red River country. Fort Da 
Russy was taken by General Smith, March 13th ; 
and at Cane River the enemy wdre repulsed or 
the 26th ; afterwards Nachitoches was occupied • 
but at Mansfield, April 8th, the advanced corps 
was drawn into an ambuscade and defeated- 

What occurred next day? 

The army fell back in the night to Pleasant 
Hill, where they were attacked the next day, April 
9th ; but they repulsed the enemy. 

What misfortune lefell the fleet ? 

Porter's fleet, which had gone up Red River, 
hearing of the misfortune of the army, attempted 
to return ; but on reaching Alexandria, could not 
pass the rapids, the river having fallen. 

How woi the fl^et extricated from this situation ? 

By damming up the river the ships were floated 
over the rapids. May 11th, and the whole expe- 
dition returned to New Orleans. 

Sherman's campaign through Georgia. 
Who had b€4n appointed Commander-in-chief f 

On the 3d of March, 1864, General Grant was 
made Lieutenant-General, and at once changed his 
headquarters to the Potomac. 

Who took command in Georgia, and whither did he move f 

General Sherman took command of the ai'niv 

«/ 

around Chattanooga, and commenced to move 
against Atlanta in Georgia, May 7th. 

Did he meet with resistance on the march ? 

He was opposed by General Johnston, and 



WAJR OF THE REBELLION 1864. 161 

* 

severe battles were fought at Kesaca, May 13 th 
and 14th ; at Dallas, May 28th ; at Lost Mountain, 
June 15th, 16th, and 17th ; at Kenesaw Mountain. 
June 18th and July 3d. 

By what difficulty was lie mtt^ and Jiow did Tie overcome it ? 

The rugged and mountainous surface of tli 
country, defended by the enemy, made Sherman' 
progress exceedingly difficult, and to overcome 
these he adopted his celebrated plan of outflanking 
the enemy. 

What is said of Johnston and his successor ? 

On the 10th of July, General Johnston with- 
drew within the fortifications of Athmta ; but was 
superseded by General Hood, who furiously at- 
tacked Sherman three several times, July 20th, 
22d, and 28th, but was in each case defeated. 

What was Sherman's success against Atlanta ? 

Sherman then closely invested Atlanta, and 
after some time, having obtained possession of all 
the railroads, thereby cutting ofl:' Hood's supplies, 
he compelled the latter to evacuate the city, and 
entered it with the Union forces, September 2d. 

What demonstrations did Hood malce ? 

Some time after, Hood made several fruitless 
attempts to break Sherman's communications with 
his rear, but finally withdrew into ISTortbern Ala- 
ama, with the purpose of invading Tennessee. 

What great campaign did Sherman nmo planf 

Sherman, disregarding Hood's movements, which 
were watched by General Thomas, determined to 
abandon his communications, and push across' 
Georgia to the Atlantic. 

What is said of his advance f 

He burned the public buildings of Atlanta, an«i 



IC2 WAR OF THE eeb'ellion 1864. 

moving forward Kovember 14tli, drawing supplies 
(rom tne country, he reached the neighborhood ot 
bavannali, Deceniber 10th. 

What foUotoed ? 

On December 13th he stormed Fort McAllister, 
and General Hardee, the Confederate general of 
Savannah, abandoned the city on the 20th. Sher- 
man entered it on the following day. 

MOVEMENTS OF HOOD. 

Stnto wliat is said of Hood'' 8 movetnents. 

Meanwhile General Hood was moving into Ten- 
nessee. He met with severe resistance at Frank- 
lin, November 30th, but pressed forward to attack 
General Thomas in his entrenchments around 
Nashville. 

What is said of the battle of Nashville? 

Before he could do this, Hood himself was at- 
tacked by General Thomas, December 15th and 
16th, and compelled to retreat, with the loss of 
thirteen thousand prisoners, into Alabama. 



CAMPAIGN IN VIRGINIA. 
HoiD was General G-rant co^erating with Sherman f 

On the 3d of May, General Grant, with a large 
army, crossed the Rapidan, and entered a barren 
tract of land called the AVilderness. Here he wa^ 
met by Lee, and heavy lighting, with terrible loss 
on both sides, took place. May 5th, 6th, and 7th. 

What took place at Spottsylvania f 

Lee fell back to Spottsylvania, and six days 
l»loodv lighting followed, at the close of which h^ 



WAK OF THE REBELLION — 18^)4. 1G3 



withdi'ew within the defences of Hichinond, earlj 
'n June. 

How did Grant proceed to hem in General Lee ? 

Grant then moved his army to the south bank 
of the James River, and laid siege to Petersburg, 
which commanded important railways leadiRg ta 
Richmond. 

What unfortunate attack was made in July ? 

In the month of July a desperate attempt was 
made to break the Confederate lines, by blowing 
up one of the forts that defended Petersburg. The 
mine was exploded beneath the fort, but the assault 
failed, with heavy loss to the Unionists. 

WhaJ. important success did Grant achieve in August? 

The Weldon railroad was of the utmost im- 
portance to Lee's army, as a means of supply. 
This road Grant seized, August 18th, and held, 
notwithstanding the desperate attempts of Lee to 
drive him back. 

Did Grant remain inactive ? 

By a series of active movements General Grant 
continued until the close of 1864 to tighten his 
hold on Lee's army, which was shut up within the 
defences of Richmond and Petersburg. 

INVASION OF M4RYLAND. 
By what did the Confederates try to draw Grant from Petersburg ? 

Early in July fifteen thousand Confederates, 
under General Early, moved through the Shenan- 
doah vaUey towards Baltimore. 

Gi/ve an account of their m,ovements f 

They committed great devastations, but were 
vigorously opposed by General Wallace, who was 
compelled to fall back After threatening Balti- 



If>l WAR OF THE EKBELLION — 1864. 

more and Washington, they retired across tlia 
Potomac with immense quantities of plunder, fol 
lowed by the Union troops. 

Did they return ? 

Being re-enforced, they again moved forward, 
and entering Pennsylvania burned Chamber.-i- 
burg, July 30th, but afterwards made good the^r 
retreat up the Shenandoah valley. 

Who was selected to chastise Early ? 

General Sheridan was selected to command the 
Union troops in the Shenandoah valley. He at once 
acted with the utmost vigor — met and defeated 
General Early at Winchester, September 19th, 
and again at Fisher's Hill, three days after, Sep- 
tember 22d. 

Whai occurred at Cedar Greek ? 

Sheridan's army fell back to Cedar Creek. 
Here it was suddenly attacked, early on th<^ 
morning of October 19th, and compelled to retreaS 
four miles in disorder. 

Who turned the retreat into a victory? 

Sheridan, who was at Winchester, twentv miles 
away, when the battle began, rode at once to the 
scene of action, stopped the rout, restored order, 
attacked the enemy, and gained a brilliant 
victory. This ended active operations in the 
Shenandoah valley for* the year 1864. 



CONFEDERATE RAID INTO TENNESSEE AND KENTUCKY. 
Give an account of ForresVs raid? 

Towards the end of March, General Forrest, a 
Confederate general, made a raid into Tennessee 
iiiid Kentucky. He captured Union City, Ten 



•WAR OF THE REBELLION 1864:. 165 



oessee, on the 24th of March, but waw reptilsed 
next day at Paducah, on the Ohio River. On 
the 12th of April, Fort Pillow, on the Mississippi 
River, was taken by assault. 

WTiai is said of the conduct of ForresVs troops ? 

Forres-t's troops are charsjed with h-aving com 
mitted great atrocities on the colored troops after 
they had surrendered. This is generally known 
as the Fort Pillow massacre. 



EXPEDITIONS AGAINST MOBILE AND WILMINGTON. 

Describe the gallant conduct of Admiral Farragut. 

Admiral Farragut, who had acquired so much 
glory on the Mississippi, was &elected to force an 
entrance into Mobile Bay. Lashing his vessels in 
pairs, and himself to the maintop of his flagship, 
the iiartford, on the 5th of August he ran past 
Forts Gaines and Morgan, that commanded the 
entrance. 

miat followed? 

lie then attacked the Confederate Heet ot three 
gunboats and the iron plated ram Tennessee, and 
captured or disabled all but oue gunboat, which 
escaped to Mobile. 

When and to ivhom did the forts surrender ? 

Fort Gaines on the 8th, and Fort Morgan on 
the 23d of August, surrendered to a land foice 
after a severe bombardment, and Mobile thus lay 
at the mercy of the Union troops. 

What is said of the importance of Wilmington ? 

Wilmington in North Carolina had been during 
the war the headquarters of the blockade runners. 



166 WAR OF THE REBELLION-— 1864. 

and it was determined to attempt its capture. 1 1 
was defended by Forts Fisher and Caswell. 

Describe the first attach on Fort Fisher. 

An expedition, under General Butler and Ad- 
miral Porter, was sent against these forts, and on 
December 2tl:th, Porter bombarded the forts with 
great vigor. General Butler then landed, but on 
reconnoitering thought the works too strong to be 
taken by assault, and returned to Fortress Monroe. 



What important event at sea marked tJie year 1864 ? 

This year was signalized by the destruction of 
the Alabama, a Confederate cruiser which had for 
a long time been engaged in capturing and burn- 
ing American merchant vessels. 

Where was she in the month of June^ and what became of her f 

She had been chased into Cherbourg, France, 
and was tliere watched by Captain Winslow in 
the United States steamer Kearsarge. At length 
being compelled by the French Government to 
leave, June 15th, she was at once attacked by 
Winslow, who in a short time sent her to the 
bottom. 

What lecame of Semmes f 

Semmes, captain of the Alabama, was saved 
by an English yacht cruising there for that pur- 
pose, and thus escaped to England. He had com- 
manded another pirate ship, the Sumter, as early 
as the year 1861. 

WJcat is said of the Florida ? 

The Florida, another piratical ship, continued 
her career to the end of the war, and after doing 
immense damage was finally surrendered to Spair*, 
and by her to the United States. 



WAK OF THE REBELLION 1864. t6t 

EmjD were these ships the ccmse of litterness against England ? 

These ships were all built in England, and the 
use for which they were intended, viz., the ruin 
of American commerce, was well known to tlie 
builders. This produced intense feeling througii- 
out the United States against England, and odJ y 
the greatest prudence preserved peace between the 
two nations. 

Ebw did France act towards the Union dxiring the war ? 

France, whose sympathies were also with the 
rebellion, had also taken advantage of our con- 
dition, and had sent troops to assist in placing 
Maximilian of Austria on the throne of Mexico, 
and in putting down the republic. This was ex- 
ceedingly distasteful to the American people. 



What State was admitted in October f 

On the 31st of October, J^evada was admitted 
into the Union. 

What was the result of the Presidential election m 1864 ? 

In JSovember, 1S64, the Presidential election 
was held. The opposing candidates were Presi- 
dent Lincoln and General McClellan. The latter 
was defeated by a great majority, and Mr. Lincoln 
was chosen for a second term of four years. 



EVENTS OP 18G4. 

President calls for 300,000 men, February lat. 

Grant made Lieutenant-General, March 3d. 

Capture of Fort De Rufssy, March ISth, 

President calk for 200,000 men, ]\Iarch 14th, 

Battle of Cane River, Red River country, March 26th, 

Battle of Mansfield, Louisiana, April 8tk, 

Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisana, . April 9th. 

Fort Pillow massacre, April 12th. 

Battles of the Wilderness, May 5th-7th. 

'^ttr&s near Spottsylvania Court House, Virginia, . May 7ch-l2thi 



ioS WAR OF THE REBELLION- -1865. 



Bhcnnan's battles in Georgia, May 13th. to July. 

Lee draws witliin the defeuces of Richmond, Juuft. 

The Keursarge destroys th-e Alabama, June 15th. 

Early invades Maryland and Pennsylvania, Julj 

Hooi repul;<ed by Sherman, near Atlanta, Ga., July 20, 22, and 28. 

Union ;issault repulsed at Fetersburg, July 30th. 

Farragut runs past Forts Gaines and Morgan, . . . August 5t}i, 
Forts Gaines and Morgan surrender, .... August 8th-23d. 

Grant sei/.es tlie Weldon railroad, August 18th. 

Capture of Atlanta, Georgia, September 2d. 

Battle of Wiuehester, Virginia, September loth. 

Battle at Fislier's Hill, Virginia, September 22d. 

Battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia, October 19tii. 

Nevada admitted, October Slst, 

Lincoln re-electea President, November 4th, 

Sherman leaves Atlanta, and starts for Savannah, November 15th. 

Hoed invades Tennessee, November. 

Capture of Fort McAllister, Georgia, December 13th. 

Thomas defeats Hood at Nashville, Tennessee, December 15 and 16. 

President calls for 300,000 men, December 20th. 

(Jnsuecessful expedition against Fort Fisher, . . . December 24th. 



WAR OF THE REBELLION— 1865. 

With what success did the year 1865 begin? 

The year opened by a renewed attack upon Fort 
Fislier by Admiral Porter and General Terry, 
wliieli was taken after a bloody assault. Fort 
Caswell was soon after taken, and Wilmington 
was entered on February 22d. 

Sherman's campaign through south Carolina. 
When and in what direction did Shei^Mn move? 

General Slierman, after resting his army at 
Savannah a short time, entered South Carolina in 
January, and took Columbia, the capital, on tlie 
I7th of February. 

What important captmre followed f 

This movement compelled the evacuation oi 



WAR OF THE REBELLIOX 1865. 169 

Charleston, and on the 18th of February the city 
was occupied by a body of colored troops. 

By whom was Sherman joined in North Carolina ? 

Sherman then pushed into I^orth Carolina, and 
at Goldsboro was joined by General Schofield from 
Xewbern, and by General Terry from AVilmin^ 
ton, with re-enforcements. 

CAMPAIGN IN VIRGINIA. 
Where and token were the first movements in Virginia f 

Sheridan, early in March, moved up the Shenan- 
doah valley, attacked and routed the Confederates, 
reached Lynchburg, and destroyed the railway and 
canal. ILe then swept round north of Richmond, 
and joined the army of the James River in the 
middle of the same month. 

WJuit effect had this on Lee ? 

General Lee finding his supplies cut off bj^ 
Sheridan, fell suddenly on Grant's lines, March 
25th, and though at first victorious, was repulsed 
with severe loss. 

Who now became the attacking party ? 

Grant, joined by Sheridan, now assumed the 
offensive, and the whole army was put in motion, 
Sheridan moving by tiie left fiank. 

What was the result of this advance ? 

After two days hard fighting, an attack was 
made throughout the whole line, April i^d, and 
Petersburg and Richmond were evacuated on the 
afternoon of the same day. 

Whai plan did Lee attempt to accomplish ? 

Lee attempted, with the wreck of his army, to 
escape into North Carolina, and join Johnstou , 



170 WAR OF THE REBELLION' 1S65. 

but Sheridan puslied him so desperately that lie 
was compelled to sm-render, April 9th, 1865. 

What other surrender followed soon after ? 

On the 26th of the same month General John 
ston surrendered his army in l^orth Carolina to 
General Sherman. 

Everywhere the rebellion died away. The city 
of Mobile was attacked and captured April 13th ; 
at nearly the same time, Montgomery the capital 
of Alabama ; and the rebel armies of the south- 
west surrendered in May. 

What terrible event occurred on the \^th of April ? 

Amid the joy that Lee's surrender created, the 
nation was terribly agitated by the news of April 
15th, that President Lincoln was dead that 
morriinp; in Washinojton. 

Who was the assassin f 

He had been shot the previous evening, April 
14th, by J. Wilkes Booth, a secessionist, while 
sitting in a private box in the theater in 
Washington. 

Who was attacked elsewhere aiont the same time f 

Almost at the same time, William H. Seward, 
Secretary of State, who was lying ill at his house, 
was seriously wounded by an accomplice of the 

assassin. 

What became of Booth and his accomplices ? 

Booth, with, a companion, Harold, was hunte<i 
into a barn. Harold surrendered, but Booth was 
shot; and on July 7th four of his accompli ;e8 
were hanged at Washington. 

Who immediately assumed the Presidency ? 

Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, Yice President, 
»n the day of the President's death, April 1 5t]i, 



WAR OF THE REBELLION — 1S65. 171 



took tlie oatLi of office, and was inaugurated 
President of the United States. 

When and where was Jefferson Davis captured T 

On the 10th of May, Jefferson Davis, President 
of the Confederacy, was captured near Irwin ville, 
Georgia, while trying to escape to the seacoast, 
and waB imprisoned in Fortress Monroe. 

Wha4, important measure followed the chse of the war ? 

The abolition of slavery throughout the countrj 
followed the struggle for national existence. Aii 
amendment to the Constitution to this effect has 
been ratified by two-thirds of the legislatures of 
the different States. 



EVENTS OF 1865. 

Capture of Fort Fisher, North Carolina, January 15t». 

Capture of Cohimbia, South Carohua, February 17th, 

Capture of Charleston, South Carolina, February 18th. 

Capture of W^ilmiugton, North Carolina, .... February 22d. 
Goldsboro, North Carolina, occupied by Sherman, . . Alarch 2l8t. 

Sheridan's movements around Eichmond, March] 

Lee's attack on Grant's lines repulsed, March 25th, 

Severe battles around Petersburg, April ist and 2d! 

Petersburg and Richmond captured, April 3d, 

Lee surrenders his army, April 9th. 

Mobile surrendered, April 13th. 

Assassination of Lincoln, , . . . April 14th'. 

Inauguration of Johnson as President, April 15th.' 

Johnston surrenders his army, April 26th' 

Taylor surrenders, .' . May lOtlu 

Jefferson Davis captured, May 10th. 

L»i/. rebel army in the southwest Burrendors, .... Ma^ 26la 



172 WAR OF THE EEBELLIOIif — 1865. 

SECTION XI. 

JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

Y/Tio succeeded Lincoln as President, and when ? 

On the 15tli of April, 1865, the day of President 
Lincoln's death, Andre av Johnson, of Tennessee, 
Vice-President, took the oath of office and was in- 
augurated President of the United States. 

What was the state of the finances at the end of the tvar f ^ 

The success of the Union army had been achieved 
after immense expenditure of men and money. The 
war left a heavy debt of nearly twenty-seven hun- 
di*ed millions of dollars. The annual interest on 
this amounted to one hundred and thirty- three mil- 
lions. 

What is said of the annual cost of the Ckmemment^ and how was it met ? 

The entire expense of carrying on the government 
after the war, together with the interest on the debt, 
amounted annually to between three and four hun- 
dred millions of dollars. But the people nobly main- 
tained .the Government in its resolution to pay the 
entire amount, principally by taxation. 

YHiat important event occurred in December, 1865 ? 

Slavery had been virtually ended by the civil war, 
and on the 18th of December, 1865, the 13th Amend- 
ment to the Constitution of the United States, for- 
ever abolishing slavery, was declared ratified by 
twenty-seven States, and therefore adopted. 

What was going on in Mexico during the civil war f 

While the United States were endeavoring to main- 
tain the integrity of the Union, the Mexican people 
on our southern border were fighting to preserve 
their independence as a Republic. 



WAR OF THE EEBELLIOK— 1865. 173 

Whx) interfered in Mexican affairs, and ivith what success ? 

On the pretense of assisting a party of the Mexican 
people, France sent an army; and at length, after 
severe fighting, the troops entered the Mexican 
capital in 1863. Soon after Maximilian, Archduke 
of Austria, was elected Emperor of Mexico. 

What notice of this was taken by the United States Government, and 
with what success f 

His rule was very unacceptable to the people, and 
when the American civil war ended, the United States 
Government sent a remonstrance to France, asking 
the withdrawal of the troops. No sooner was this 
acceded to than the Mexican empire went to ruin. 
The Republicans triumphed, and Maximilian, taken 
prisoner, was shot June 19, 1867. 

What imjiortant enterprise was finished in 1866, ajid what is said of it f 

In July, 1866, the great enterprise of laying the 
Atlantic cable finally proved successful, after re- 
peated trials. It is nearly seventeen hundred miles 
in length, and extends from Trinity Bay, Newfound- 
land, to Valentia Bay, in Ireland. 

What territory was added to the United States, and how was it acquired ? 

A treaty was concluded March 29, 1867, between 
the United States and Russia, by which all the Rus- 
sian jjossessions in North America were sold to the 
United States for seven millions of dollars. This 
tract was presently erected into the territory oi 
Alaska. 

What important political event occurred during this administration, 
and state its origin f 

Perhaps th-e most exciting political event of this 
administration was the impeachment trial of Presi- 
dent Johnson. Conflict of opinion had arisen be- 
tween Congress and himself in reference to some 
ver-y important measires, among which were the 
reconstruction of the Southern States after the war, 



174 GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 

and the admission of new States. The bills were 
generally passed by Congress over the President's 
veto. 

What is said of the trial? 

On the 24th of January, 1868, his trial by im- 
peachment was ordered by the House of Eepresen- 
tatives. After a tedious hearing by the Senate, he 
was acquitted. May 23. 

What is said of the Presidential canvass ? 

As the summer of 1868 approached, the two great 
political parties prepared for the Presidential cam- 
paign. After an exc-iting canvass, General Ulysses 
S. Grant, of Illinois, was chosen President. On the 
4th of March, 1869, General Grant entered on his 
duties as President, and Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, 
as Vice-Pretei'dent. 



GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 

Why was an amendment to the Constitution deemed neees- 
sary ? 

In order more effectually to secure the rights of 
the colored race. Congress, 1868, submitted to the 
different States an amendment to the Constitution 
for their ratification. 

WJien was it declared adopted, and tohat did it provide? 

In the year 1869, President Grant announced that 
it had been ratified by a sufficient number of States, 
and he therefore declared that the Fifteenth Amend- 
ment had been adopted. It provided that " the right 
of citizens of the IJnited States to vote shall not be 
denied or abridged by the United States or any State 
on account of race, color, or previous condition of 
servitude." 



GRANT'S AD]VnNISTRATION. 174: a 

What great icork was finished in 1SG9, and what is said of 
it? 

The year 1869 is memorable for the completion of 
the Pacific Kailroad coDnecting the Mississippi Val- 
ley with the Pacific Coast. It is 1776 miles in length, 
extending from Omaha, in the east, to San Francisco, 
in the west. 

What is said of the "Alabama" depredations? 

During the civil war, Confederate cruisers, the 
best known of which was the Alabama, fitted out 
and sent from. English ports, captured and destroyed 
American vessels, thus ruining American commerce. 
This caused a very bitter feeling throughout the 
North, which did not diminish after the war. 

What efforts were made to secure a settlement ? 

The United States Government repeatedly asked 
satisfaction for these depredations, but for years 
without avail. At length a treaty was concluded 
at Washington, May 8, 1871, in which it was provided 
that a tribunal, couiposed of five arbitrators, should 
be appointed to settle the "Alabama claims," as they 
were called. 

What decision was finally reached ? 

This Tribunal of Arbitration met at Geneva, De- 
cember 15, 1871, and, at its final meeting, September 
14, 1872, it decided that Great Britain should pay 
the United States 115,500,000 for the losses sus- 
tained by these depredations. 

State what is said regarding a boundary dispute and its set- 
tlement. 

By the same treaty, the Emperor of Germany was 
appointed to settle the northwestern boundary south 
of Vancouver's Island, which was in dispute between 
Great Britain and the United States. The Emperor 
awarded the island of San Juan to the United States, 



174 1) GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 

fixing the boundary north of this island, October, 
1872. 

How did the presidential election terminate f 

In the fall of 1872, General Grant was re-elected 
President over his opponent, Horace Greeley, nomi- 
nated by the Liberal Eepublicans and also by the 
Democratic party. 

What is said of the Modoc difficulties f 

In California, in 1872, the Modoc Indians treach- 
erously murdered General Canby and Dr. Thomas 
while trying to make peace with them. A short 
war followed ending in the dispersion of the ti'ibe. 
Captain Jack, their chief, with three of his compan- 
ions, were hanged for the murder. 

Where were the Sioux settled ? 

The troubles with the Sioux Indians were more 
serious. That powerful tribe was settled on a reser- 
vation among the Black Hills, portions of Dakota 
and Wyoming Territories. 

By what acts were the Sioux greatly excited to warf 
The whites, in their search for gold, began to push 
in among the Indians, and, to add to this grievance. 
Congress took away that part of the reservation in 
Dakota. The Sioux thereupon prepared for war. 

What misfortune befell a part of our troops in June, 1S76 ? 

General Custer, at the head of less than 300 
United States troops, without waiting for the assist- 
ance 0^ a larger force, pushed forward too impetu- 
ously, and himself, with nearly his entire command, 
was slain by the Sioux, June 25, 1876. 

How did military operations terminate f 

Sitting Bull, with his warriors, then fled into the 
British Possessions, whither the United States troops, 
now in force, could not follow them. 



GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 174: G 

Describe the origin and purpose of the Centennial Exhibi- 
tion. 

The great event of the year 1876 was the Centen- 
nial Exhibition held in Fairmount Park, Philadel- 
phia. It was originally intended to illustrate the 
progress of the United States during the first cen- 
tury of its existence, but it finally became an exhibi- 
tion of the industry of foreign nations as well, thirty- 
three of which were represented through their pro- 
ductions. 

State its size and other facts mentioned. 

Its extent was enormous. The five chief buildings 
alone covered seventy-five acres, and the whole num- 
ber of structures was 190. The number of persons 
admitted was 9,910,965, and it continued open from 
May 10 to November 10, 159 days. It proved a very 
remarkable success. 

When was Colorado admitted as a State ? 

On August 1 of this year, Colorado was admitted 
into the IJniou, thus earning the name of "The Cen- 
tennial State." 

Who were the rival candidates of the presidential election of 
1876 f 

In the fall of 1876, the rival candidates for the 
presidency were Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, re- 
publican candidate, and Samuel J. Tilden, of New 
York, democratic. 

Why was the election dovhtful f 

Both parties claimed the election, and when the 
electoral votes of the States reached Washington, it 
was found that Florida had three electoral certifi- 
cates, and Louisiana and Oregon two each. 

What plan was adopted to determine the question ? 
There was no law to settle such a case, and after 
much debate, a committee of fifteen was appointed 



174 d GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 

by Congress to determine which was the true elec- 
toral vote. 

What was the decision ? 

This Committee decided in favor of Eutherford 
B. Hayes, and he was accordingly declared Presi- 
dent of the United States from March 4, 1877. 



175 



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RECAPITULATIONS. 



SECTION I. 



1492 Colinubus. 

1497 Cabot's first voyage. 
1499 Amerigo Vespucci. 

1498 Sebastian Cabot. 

1498 Columbus — Orinoco River. 

1512 Ponce De Leon — Florida. 

1513 Balboa— Pacific. 

1520 Magellan— vStraits. 

1521 Cortes — Mexico. 
1524 Verrazani. 

1584 Cartior's first voyage. 
1535 " second voyage. 



1539 Do Soto— Florida. 

1541 Mississippi di8COvaT0<L 

1541 Roberval. 

15(52 Ribaiilt. 

1565 St. Augustine founded. 

1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert. 

1584 Amidas and Barlow. 

1585 Roanoke colony. 

1587 " second coloay. 
1602 Gosnold— Cape Cod. 
1605 Port Royal settled. 
1608 Quebec settled. 



SECTION 

1607 Jamestown (settled. 
" John Smith captured. 

1609 Second Charter. 

1610 " The Starving Time." 
1612 Third Charter. 

1616 Cultivation of Tobacco. 
1620 Slavery introduced. 



II.— CHAPTER I. 

1622 First Indian Massacre. 
1624 Royal Government. 
1644 Second Indian Plot. 
1651 Navigation Act. 
1673 Proprietarv Government 
1676 Bacon's Rebellion. 
1684 Royal Government. 



SECTON II. 

Massaghuseit3. 

1614 John Smith's vovage. 
1620 Plymouth settled. 
1680 Boston " 

i635 Roger Williams banished. 
vg48 Union — N. Eng. (ilolonies. 



-CHAPTER II. 

1656 Arrival of the Quakers. 

1675 King Philip's Wab. 

1676 Death ofPliilip. 
1686 Royal Government. 
1689 Kino William's War 
169^ Schenectady burned. 



RECAPITULATIONS. 



J77 



1697 Treaty of Ryswick. 
1702 Qtjeen Anne's Wab. 
1713 Treaty of Utrecht. 

1744 King Georoe's Wab. 

1745 Louisburff captured. 
1748 Treaty— Aix la Chapelle. 



New-Hampshire. 

1623 Dover settled. 

1680 A separate province. 

1689 Dover Massacre. 



FECTION IL— CHAPTER III. 



1635 CoTsx2cn»n.i aettled. 
1637 Pequod War. 

1636 Rhode Island settled. 
1644 First Charter. 

1609 Hudson river discovered. 
1614 New York settled— Dutch. 
1664 Becomes an English colony. 
1690 Burninar of Schenectady. 
1741 Necrro Plot. 
1664 New Jersey settled. 



1702 United to Ne-w* fons. 
1634 Maryland settled. 
1643 Pennsylvania — Swedes. 
1681 Settled by William Pena- 
1643 Delaware — Swedes. 
1702 Separated from Peimsyl. 
1650 North Carolina settled. 
1670 South Carolina settled. 
1733 Georgia settled. 
1752 Royal Government. 



SECTION III.— CHAPTER I. 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

Washington's journey to St. Pierre, 1753. 

" expedition against Fort du Quesne, .... 1754, 

Braddock'* defeat 1755. 

Battle near Lake George— Dieskau made prisoRer .... 17r)o. 

Capture of Oswego by Montcalm, 178i. 

Capture of Fort William Henry by Montcalm, 1757. 

Capture of Fort du Quesne by the English, 1768. 

Capture of Louisburg by Amherst, ** 

Defeat of Abercrom^ie, and death of Lord Howe, .... '* 

Capture of Fort Frontenao by Bradstreet, " 

Capture of Fort Niagara, 1759, 

Capture of Ticonderoga by Amherst, " 

Taking of Quebec, and death of Wolfe, " 

Treaty of Peace at Paris, 17<8. 



SECTION III.— CHAPTER II. 

OAUSEa ^F THE REVOLUTION. 

Stamp Act passed, ... ... .... March, 1765, 

First Congress assembled at iNew-York, , . . October, 1765. 

Stamp Act repealed, March, 1766. 

New Dili for taxing glass, tea, (fee, June, 1767 

Gen. Gage ordered to Boston, September, 1768. 

AflPray in Boston, . March, 1770 

Rotfton Tea Party ... . . December, 1778 



178 



RECAPITULATIONS. 



Second Colonial Congress, September, 1774 

Ghen. Gage fortifies Boston Neck, September, 1774 



SECTION IV. 

WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 

EVENTS OF 1775. 

Battle of Lexington, April 19tb 

Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown point, May 

\Yashington appointed commander-m-chief, .... June 15tn. 

Rattle of Bunker Hill, June 17t}i. 

S'legeof Quebec and death of Montgomery, . . . December S 1st, 

EVENTS OF 1776. 

British evacuate Boston, March. 

Attack on Fort Moultrie by the British, June 28th. 

Declaration of Independence, July 4th. 

Battle of Long Island, August 27th. 

<* of Whiteplains, October 28th. 

Capture of Fort AVashington, November 16th 

" of Fort Lee, November 18th 

Washington retreats across the Delaware, . . . December 8th, 
Battle of Trenton December 26th 

EVENTS OF 1777. 

Battle of Princeton, January 8d. 

Lafayette arrives from France, June. 

Tryon's expedition to Norwalk and Fairfield, April. 

Battle of Chad's ford, or Brandy wine, September 11th. 

Battle of Germantown, October 4th, 

Evacuation of Forts Mifflin and MtTcer, . . . November 16-18. 



EVENTS IN THE NORTH. 

Tlie British under Burgoyne attack Ticonderoga, 
Defeat of St. Leger at Fort Schuyler, .... 

Battle of Bennington, 

First Battle of Stillwater, 

Second " " 

Surrender of Burgoyne, 



. . July 6th. 
. August 8th, 
. August 16th. 

, September 19th. 

, . October 7th. 

. October 17th. 



EVENTS or 177S. 



Treaty of Alliance with France, 
Battle of Monmouth, 
Massacre of Wyoming, . 
Battle of Rhode Inland, 
Massacre at Cherry Valley, 
Battle of Savannah, . 



February 6th 
. June 28th 
. . . JuV 
August 29tK 
. November. 
Decembc 29th 



12« 



RECAPITULATIONS. 179 



EVF.NT8 OF 1779. 

Battle of Briar Creek, March 8d, 

Tryou's Expedirlons, February and July. 

Capture of Stony Point, July 15tn. 

Siego of Sa7annah, October 9th. 

*"»al Jones Victory, . , September 28d. 

EVKNT8 OF 17S0. 

Surrender of Charleston, May 12tn. 

Uattle of Waxhaw Creek, . . ^ May 29t.h. 

French fleet and army arrive from France, July 10th. 

Battle of I lano'ing' Rock, August 6th. 

" " Sander's Creek — First battle of Gamden^ . . Autfust l(5th, 
" " King's Mountain, October 7th. 

Arnold's treason, September. 

EVENTS OF 1781. 

Mutiny of the Pennsylvania troops, January 1st. 

Battle of the Cowpens, January 'l7th. 

Fttmous retreat of Greene, Jan. and Feb. 

Battle of Guilford Court House March 15th. 

'* " Caraden, or Hobkirk's Hill, April 25th. 

" " EutHw Sprinars, September Stb. 

Attack on New London. — Fort Griswold taken, . . . September. 
Surrender of Corn wall is at Yorktown, October 19th. 



SECTION v.— CHAPTER I. 

Cessation of hostilities, April 19, 1788. 

Definitive treaty of peace, Septembers, " 

Proclamation disbanding the army, November 8, " 

New York evacuated by the British, . . . November 25, ** 

Washington's farewell to the army, December 4, ** 

Constitution passed, September 17, 1787. 

Insurrection m Massaoliu setts suppies.sed, . . February, " 

Washington made President, April SO, 1789 

Gen. Harmar's defeat, October, 1790. 

Vermont admitted as a State, February, 1791. 

St. Clair's defeat, November, " 

Wayne's victory. — Battle of the Maumee, .... August, 1794, 
Death of Washington, December, 1799. 

SECTION v.— CHAPTER II. 

The seat of government removed to WashiLgton, . . , 1800. 

Ohio admitted as a State, March, 1S02. 

Louisiana purchased, April, 1808 

Com. P-eble scni ut::v'nsl Tripoli, . , " 



180 RECAPITULATIONS. 



Decatur's famous exploit, . . Februarv. 1 3< 4. 

3cath of Hamilton iu a duol, July, "" 

Capture of Derne, April, 1*=<05, 

Buttle between the Chesapeake and Leopard, .... June, 1S07. 

British orders in council, November, " 

Bonaparte's Milan Decree, December, " 

Skirmish between the Little Belt and President, . . . May, 1811. 
Uttttle of Tippecanoe, November, '' 



SECTION VI. 

WAR WITH ENGLAND. 1812-15. 
EVENTS OF 1812. 

War proclaimed by President Madison, Juno 19th. 

Surrender of Fort Mackinaw, July 17th. 

First battle of Brownstown, August 5th. 

Second battle of Brownstown, August 9th. 

Surrender of Detroit bv Hull, August 16th. 

Battle of Queenstown Heights, October 13tb. 

NAVAL BATTLES. 

The Guerriere captured by the Constitution, . . , August 19th. 

The Frolic " *^ " Wasp, October 18th. 

The Macedonian " " " United States, . . . October 25th. 
The Java " " " Constitution, . . December 29th. 

EVENTS or 1813. 

Battle of Fren«htown, January 22d. 

Siege of York, April 27th. 

Battle of Fort Meigs, May 5th. 

Attack on Fort George, May 27th. 

" Sackett's Harbor May 29th. 

** Fort Lower Sandusky, August 2d. 

Battle of the Thames, October 5th. 

" Williamsburg, November 11th. 

NAVAL BAT.T.E8. 

T^ie Peacock captured by the Hornet, February 24th. 

Tlie Chesapeake " " Shannon, Juno Ist. 

The Argus " " Pelican, .... . August 14th. 
Tl'.e Boxer ** " Enterprise, . . September Stli. 

PeiTy'a victory on Lake Erie, September 10th. 

EVENTS OF 1814. 

Capture of Fort Ene, , July Sd 

Hnnle of Chippewa, . Jnly Rth, 



RECAPITULATIONS. 181 



Battle of LiiTKly's Lane, July 25th. 

^Jiegre of Fort Erie, Aug -st 4tl\ to September 21 at 

Rattle of Bladensburjsjh, Aug'ust 24tk 

Burning of Washington, ' . August '24th. 

Battle of PUittsburg, September 11th 

" North Point, Septemlxjr 12th 

Bombardment of Fort McHenry, September 1 3th 

Treaty of Peace, December 24th 

NAVAX BATTLK9. 

'The Ei*sex captured by two British ships, March 28th. 

riie Epervier captured by the Peacock — Am., . . . April 29th 
Tlie Kcindeer " " Wasp— Am., .... June 28tb 

ilcDonough's victory on Lake Champlain, . . . September 1 \th 

EVENTS OF 1815. 
Battle of New Orleans, Janunry 8th, 

NAVAL BATTUEB. 

The Cyane and Levant captured by the Constitution, Fels^^i'ary ^Oth. 
The Penguin captur«d by the Hornet — Am., .... ;flarch 28d 



SECTION VIL 

War with Algiers — Decatur's expedition, , , . . May, 1815 
Seminole War — Jackson's e«peaition, ... February, 1818. 

Florida ceded to the United Statues, October, 1820. 

Lafayette's visit to the United States, August, 1824 

SEMFNOLE WAB. 

War with the Scniinoles breaks out, December, 1885 

General Thotny)sou's massacre, " " 

Dade's massacre— same day, " " 

Osceola imprisoned, . October, 1887 

Battle of L'\ke Okeechobee, December, 1S37 

Termination of the war, Ii the sj ring of 1841 

SECTION VIII. 

MEXICAN WAR. 

EVENTS OF 1846. 

Capture of Thornton's party, April 2t5tli 

Battle of Palo Alto, May 8th 

" Resaca de la Palma, May 9tli 

Surre:ider of Monte-cy, September 24th 

Battlt of Bracito, December 25th 

Califonii* declared independent, .... .... JuJT4th 



1 82 BECAPITULATIONS. 



KviiNra or 1847. 

B«ltle of BueLa Vista, Febnuiry 28d 

" Sacramento, Februarj 28tb. 

Surrender of Vera Cruz, March 27lh- 

!*»ttle of Cerro Gordo, April ISth 

" Contrcriis and Cliurubasco, August 20tl'- 

*' Molino del Rev aud Casa Mata, .... September 8ta 
" Chapultepoc, September ISib 

City of Mexico entered, . . Ser-tember 14th. 

ETENTB OF 1848. 

Treaty frf j/eace coLicluded, February ?<) 

Hvaouatiou of thvj capital, , . . Ju.ue*12t,b 

EVENTS FROM 1848 TO 1861, 

Gold discovered in the Sacramento Valley, , IMS, 

Death of President Taylor, July 9, 1850. 

California admitted as a State, 1850. 

Treaty with Japan, March, 1854. 

Civil war in Kansas, 1865. 

Jwnee Buchanan, President, March, 3 ^r>7. 

Mormon disturbances 1857. 

Minnesota admitted as a State, 1858, 

Oregon " " *' 185ft. 

Exciteirient in relation to admission of Kansas, . . . 1855-1861. 

John Brown's raid, October, 1852. 

Abraham Lincoln elected President, 180.0. 

South Carolina secedes from the Union, . . . Df cember 20, 1860. 

EVENTS OF 1861. 

Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, secede, January. 

Kansas admitted into the Union, January 2 9t]i. 

Texas secedes, February let. 

Rebel delegates meet to organize a Confederacy, at 

Montgomery, Alabama, '. . February 4tb. 

Jefferson Davis elected Provisional President, . . February 8th. 

Lincoln inaugurated, March 4tl.. 

Fort Sumter attacked, April 12tlu 

" evacuated, April ISth. 

Virginia secedes, April 17th. 

Harper's Ferry seized by the Confedsrates, .... April 18th. 
First blood shed in the rebelliou — Baltimore, .... April 19tb. 
Norfolk navy yard seized by Confederates, .... April 20tL, 

President calls for 82,000 troops, May 8d, 

Arkansas secedes, May 6th. 

N©fth Carolina secedes, May 20th. 

lVuaoti»"e Bec^idos, June Sth 

^ftwertii Britler repulsed at B'^ Bethel, . . . Juno lOih 



RECAPITFL ATI0N8. 1 ,S 3 



f'.attle at Carthaffe, Missouri, July 5th. 

Battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia, J"ly 11th. 

Richmond, Virginia, made the Confederate capital, . . July 20th. 
Defeat of Union troops at Bull Eun, Virginia, . . . July 21st. 

Battle of Wilson's Creek, August lOtli. 

Forts at Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina, captured, . August 29th. 

Battle at Carnit'ex Ferry, Virginia, September 10th. 

Battleof Ball's Bluff, Virginia, October 21st. 

Battle of Belmont, Missouri, November 7th. 

Capture of Forts at Hilton Head, Port Royal, S. C, November 7h. 
Seizure of Mason and tilidell on the Trent, . . November 8th. 

EVENTS OF 1862. 

Battle of Mill Springs, Kentucky, January 19th. 

Capture of Fort Henry, Tennessee, .... . February 6th. 
Capture of Roanoke Island, North Carolina, . . F'ebruary 8th. 
Capture of Fort Douelson, Tennessee, ... . February 16th. 

Battle of Pea Ridge. Arkansas, . March 6th-8th 

The Congress and tne Cumberland sunk by the ram, . March 8th. 

Monitor disables the ram Virginia, March 9th 

Newbern, North Carolina, captured, March 14th. 

Battle of Pittsburgh Landing — Shiloh, April 6th-7th. 

Island No. 10, Mississippi River, taken, April 7th. 

Capture of Fort Pulaski, Georgia, April 11 tli. 

Farragut passes Forts Philip and Jackson, April 24tii. 

New Orleans captured, , . April 25th. 

Capture of Beaufort, North Carolina, April 25th. 

Forts Philip and Jackson surrender, ....... April 28t}t. 

Battle of Williamsburgh, MayStli. 

Norfolk evacuated bythe rebels, May 9tk. 

Evacuation of Corinth, MaySOtlu 

Battle of Fair Oaks, May 31st to June lat. 

Memphis surrendered, June 6th. 

Seven days' battles — Chickahominy to the James, June 25 to July 1. 

President calls for 300,000 men, July 1st. 

Battle of Cedar Mountain, August ^ih. 

Pope's retreat — heavy battles, . . August 26th to Septeniber 1st. 

Battle of South Mountain, September 14ih. 

Capture of Harper's Ferry, September 15th. 

Battle of Antietam Creek, September 17th. 

Battle of luka, September 19th. 

Battle of Corinth, October 4th, 

Battleof Perrvville, October 8th. 

Battle of Fredericksburg, December 13th. 

•Jattle of Murfreesboro, . . . December 30th to January 2d, 18ft3. 

£VE>-TS OF 1863. 

P'*eaiuent Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, . . January 1st 
"4tpturc of Arkansas i'uj. , .irkansas, . . , Januuiy ilth 



1 84 RECAPITULATIONS. 



Naval aKack on Fort Sumter, April 7tli. 

Dariug cavalry raid of Grierson through Mitwissippi, . April I7tli 

Battle of Chaiicellor\il]e, May '2d aud S -1. 

Graut's battles in Mississippi, Alay lst-l7tii 

Lee again invades Maryland, Juno. 

West Viro[iuia admitted as a State, June 20tlu 

Battle of GettA'sbufi^, Pennsylvania, July lst-8d. 

Surrender of Vicksburg, Mississippi, July 4:th. 

Surrender of Port Hudson, Louisiana, July 8th. 

Great riot in New York city, July 1.3th-16th 

Morgan's raid through Ohio ended, July 26th. 

Forts Wagner and Gregg, South Carolina, evacuated, S'eptemhor 7th, 

Capture of Little Kock, Arkansas, September 10th. 

Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, .... September 19th-20th. 

Battle at Lookout Mountain, November 24th. 

Battle at Missionary Kidge, November 25th. 

Lengotreet repulsed at Knoxville, Tennessee, . November 29th. 
Longstreet retreats, December 8d. 



EVENTO or lft84. 

Presixient calls for 300,000 men, ....... February Ibi. 

Grant made Lieutenant-General, March Bd. 

Capture of Fort De Russy, March 13th. 

President calls for 200,000 men, March 14th 

Battle of Cane River, Red River country, March 26th. 

Battle of Mansfield, Louisiana, April 8th. 

Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisana, April 9th. 

Fort Pillow massacre, April 12th, 

Battles of the Wilderness, May 5th-7th. 

Battles near SiKyttsylvania Court House, Virgins, . May 7th-12th. 

Sherman's battles in Georgia, May 13th to July. 

Lee draws within the defences of Richraond, June. 

The Kearsarge destroys the Alabama, June 15th. 

Early invades Maryland and Pennsylvania, July 

Hood repulsed by Sherman, near Atlanta, Ga., July 20, 22, and 28. 

Union assault repulsed at Petersburg, July 30th. 

Farragut runs past Forts Gaines and Morgan, . . . August 5th. 
Forts Gaines and Morgan surrender, .... August 8th-23d. 

Grant soizoa the Weldon railroad, August 18ti». 

rapture of Atlanta, Georgia, September 2d. 

Kittle of Winchester, Virginia, September 19th. 

Battle at Fisher's Hill, Virginia, September 2:i<L 

Battle of Cedar Creek, Virguiia, October lyth. 

Nevada admitted. . , October 3 Ut. 

Lincoln re-electea President, November 4th 

Bherman leaves Atlanta, and starts for Savannah, November 15th. 

Hood invades Tennessee, November. 

Capture of Fort McAllister, Georgia. December 13th. 

Tiiomas defeats Hood at Nashville, Tennessee, December 15 and 18w 



RECAPrrULATIONS. 185 



President calls for 300,000 men, December 20tli. 

DuBuccessful expedition against Fort Fisher, . . . December 24th. 

EVENTS OF 1865. 

Capture of Fort Fisher, North Carolina, January loth. 

Capture of Columbia, South Carolina, February 17 tii. 

Capture of Charleston, South Carolina, February 18tli. 

1 apture of Wilmington, North Carolina, .... February 22d. 
trijidsboro, North Carolina, occupied by Sherman, . . March 21st. 

Sheridan's movements around Kichmond, March. 

Lee's attack on Grant's lines repulsed, March iiSth. 

Severe battles around Petersburg, April Ist and 2 A. 

Petersburg and Richmond captured, April 3d. 

Lee surrenders his army, April 9th. 

Mobile surrendered, April 13th. 

Assassination of Lincoln, April Hth. 

Inauguration of Johnson as President, April 15th, 

Johnston surrenders his army, April 2 (5th, 

Taylor surrenders, May 10th, 

Jenerson Davis captured, May 10th. 

Last reb«^l army in %he Bouthwest sorrendorg, .... May 26tk. 

TOHKSON'S ADinNIBTBATION. 

Atlantic telegraph cable laid July, 186G, 

Treaty for purchase of Alaska ratified A}iril, 1867, 

Impeachment of President Johnson January, lHfi8. 

Inaaguration of General Grant March, 18^ 

grant's administration. 

Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution adopted, . . . 1869. 

Pacific Eailroad completed, May 10th, 1869. 

Treaty of Washinsrton concluded, May 8th, 1871. 

Final decision on the Alabama claims, . . September llth, 1872. 
Settlement of the Northwestern boundary dispute, October, 1872. 
Sioux War. — General Custer's massacre, . . . June 25th, 1876. 
Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, 

May 10th to November 10th, 1876. 
Dispute in Congress regarding the presidential election, 

February, 1877." 



THE 



liECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



f ♦ « » 

t^ DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF TH£ 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS AS- 
SEMBLED, JULY 4th, 1776. 

When, m the course of human events, it becomes necessary 
for one people to dissolve the political bands which have con- 
nected them with another, and to assume, among the powers 
of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws 
c^ nature and of nature's Grod entitle them, a decent respect to 
the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the 
iauees which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are 
created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with 
certain unalienable rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, 
and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, 
governments are instituted among men, deriving their just 
powers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever 
any form of government becomes destructiVfC of these ends, it 
is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to insti- 
tute a new government, laying its foundation on such princi- 
ples, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall 
geem most Ukely to effect their safety and hanniness. Pru- 
ilence, indeed will dictate that governments iong esraolished 
should not be changed for light and transient causes : and. ac- 
»x)rdingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more 
flisposed to suffer, while evils are sufferablc, tlian to right 
themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accua- 
tomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpatioiw, 



I 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 137 



pursuiiis invariably the same object, eA^nces a de?ifm to re- 
duce tbem ander absolute despotism, it is their ritrht it is thpir 
duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new 
guards for their future security. Such has been the patient 
tufferance of these colouies, and such is now the necessity 
which constrains them to alter their former systems of srovem- 
ment. Tlie history of the present king- of G-reat Britain is a 
history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in 
direct object, the •stablishment of an absolute tyranny over 
these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candic" 
world : — 

He has refused his assent to laws the most w^iolesome ana 
necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate 
and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation 
till his assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he 
has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of 
large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish 
the right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestim- 
able to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places nnusual, 
uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public 
records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance 
with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for op- 
posing, with manly firmness, his invasioas on the rights of the 
people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to 
cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, 
incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large 
for their exercise ; the state remaining, in the mean time, ex- 
posed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convul- 
sions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent th^ population of these 
states ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturaliza- 
tion of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their 
migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropria- 
tions of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing 
bis assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

14* 



188 DBCLARATION 01 INDBPBNDENCB. 



He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the 
Jenure of their oflBces, and the amount and payment of their 
gialaries. 

He has erected a mult'tude of new offices, and sent hither 
ffwarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their sub- 
E-tanoe. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, 
without the consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the mihtary independent of, and 
superior to, the civil power. 

He has combined, with otoers, to subject us to a jurisdiction 
foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; 
giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for 
any murders which they sliouVJ commit on the inhabitants of 
these states : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by 
jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended 
offi^nses : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neigh- 
boring province, establisning therein an arbitrary govern- 
ment, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render h at once 
an example and fit instrument for introducing the same abso- 
lute rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable 
laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our govern- 
ments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring them- 
selves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases 
whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of 
his protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our 
towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mer- 
onaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and ty- 
ranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and per- 



DECLARATION OF INDBPENDBNCB. 18'9 

fidy scaT\.ely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally 
unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the 
high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the 
executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves 
by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has 
endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the 
merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is au 
undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for 
redress in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions 
have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose 
character is thus marked by every act which may define a 
tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British 
brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of at- 
tempts made by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable 
jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circum- 
stances of our emigration and settlement here. We have ap- 
pealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have 
conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow 
these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our con- 
nections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to 
the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, 
acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separatioa, 
and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, eneuiies in 
Wftr, in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States 
of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the 
Supreme Judge of the world lor the rectitude of our inten- 
tions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good peo- 
ple of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these 
United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, tree and inde- 
pendent states ; tliat they are absolved from all allegiance to 
the British crown, and that all political connection betweei? 
Uiem and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, to- 
tally dissolved ; and that, as fiee and iudepenilent states, the^ 
have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliaucefl, 
establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things whiel; 
Oiucpondiint states may of right do. And. for the support of 



190 



DECLARATION OF INDM»BNDBNCB. 



this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Di. 
vine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Uves, 
our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, eu- 
(frossed, and signed by the following members : 

JOHN HANCOCK. 



New Hampshire. 
Joeiah Bartlett, 
Wuliara Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

Massachrisetis Bay. 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
Klbridge Gerry. 

Rlwde Island. 
Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

Connecticut. 
Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William A^^illiams, 
Oliver Woloott. 

Neti York. 
William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis 2i orris. 



New Jersey. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Uopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. 
Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush. 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clyraer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

Delaware. 
Caesar Rodney, 
George ReaJ, 
Thomfis M'Keau. 

Maryland. 
Samuel Chase, 
Williain Paca, 
Thomas Stone^ 



Charles Carroll, of Car 
roll ton. 

VirgimcL 
George Wythe. 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, jnn., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee^ 
Carter BraxtorL 

North Carolina. 
William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes. 
John Penn. 

iSouth Carolina. 
Edward Rutleage, 
Thomas Hey ward, jua 
Thomas Lyu»"h, jun., 
Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. 
Button Gwinnett. 
Lyman Hall, 
George Waltoa. 



1 



\ 



(QUESTIONS INTRODUCTORY TO THE STUB 7 OF THK 
CONSTITUTION. 

I Q. "W^at forms of government existed among the coloniec 
previous to the Revolution? 

An>9. The Provincial, the Proprietary, and the Charter eovern- 
meDS% 

2. Q. What were the Provincial governments 7 

Ans. Those under the control of the King of G-reat Britain. 

3. Q. What were the Proprietary governments ? 

Ans. Those under the control of proprietors, who had received 
gri.Qts from the king. 

4. Q. What were the Cliarter governments ? 

Ans. Those under the control of the crown, but having certain 
rights secured by cliarter. 

5. Q. Name tlie colonies under Provincial government when the 
Revolution began. 

Ans. New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 

6. Q. Name those under Proprietary government. 
Ans. Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. 

7. Q. Name those under Charter government. 

Ans. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. 

8. Q. Under what government were the States during the Revo- 
lutionary war ? 

Ans. They were governed by the Continental Congress until 
March, 1781. 

9. Q. What form of government then took its place ? 
Ans. That known as " the Articles of Confederation." 

10. Q. How long was this in operation ? 
Ans. From 1781 till 1789. 

11. Q. Wliat was the objection to the Articles of Confederation 7 
Ans. Its power was too weak for the purposes of the genera) 

government, and it could only act tardily on the people tl. rough 
the States themselves. 

12. Q. By whom was the Constitution of the United Stat en 
framed ? 

Ans. By a convention of delegates who met at Philadelphia Lji 
1787, of which convention General Waahington was president 



THE CONSTITUTION' 

OF 

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



a 



THE PREAMBLE. 



" We, the people of the United States, in order to fono a 
more perfect union, esteblish justice, insure domestic tranquil- 
lity, provide for the common defense, promote the general 
welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and 
our posterity, do ordain and establisii this Constitution for the 
CTnited States of America," 

1. WTtat is the introductory paragraph of the ConMifntion called t 

2. What does it declare to he the object of the Constitution T 
8. From whom did it emanate f 

4, Into irhat departments is the government of the United Slates dividetl » 
Ans. Lecislative, Executive, and Judicial, 

5. What is the offlce of each of these departments f Ans. The LecrislatH* 
department makes the laws; the Executive carries them into effect; and ib* 
Judicial interprets tbem. 

ARTICLE I. TuE Legislative Department. 

Section I. Congress in general. 

" All legislative powers herein granted, shall be vested in a 
Congre«3 of the United States, which shall consist of a Seiwao 
»ad House of Representatives." 

ft. What is the subject of the ^rst article t 

T. In rc^at body is the legiiuative power vested? 

& Of what does Congress consist? 

Section IL House of Representatives. 

Clause I. " The House of Representatives shall be com- 
posed of members chosen every second year by the people of 
fcb« several States, and the electors in each State shall h&va 



THE CONSTITOTION. 193 

the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous 
branch of the Si^te legislature." 

9. Of what is ih« Uount of RepresentaUvM composed f 

10. Haw often, and by whom, are the members chusen f 

11. What are the quaiijicaiions of electors t 

Clause II. " No person shall be a representative, who 
iihsill not have attf.inod the age of twenty-five years, and been 
seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shaD 
be chosen." 

12. What vfuM be the age of a person chosen representative T 

18. How long mu*it h* havi been a oitieen of the United States t 
14 Where must he reside when elected f 

Clause III. " Representative and direct taxes shall be ap- 
poi'*.loned among the several States which may be included 
wicJLm this Union, according to their respective numbers, 
which shall be determined by adding to the whole number 
of free persons, including those bound to ser\-ice for a term of 
years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- fift lis of aU 
other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within 
three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the 
United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, 
in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of 
representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty tliousand, 
but each State shall have at least one representative; and 
until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New 
Hampsliire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts 
eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Con- 
necticut five, New Yorli six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania 
*»ight, Dela^vare one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North llaro- 
Una five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

15. BiHc are representatives and dire^jt taxes apportioned f 

16. In wfiat iciiy are theae numbers to be obtained T 

17. What is rfi€^-int by '^ other pertonsf Ans. Slaves 

13. WTiat is prodded in regard to Indian^ T 

19. When was the first enumeration to be made? 

20. WJcen was it actually m-ade f Ans. In 1791'. 

21. ff'/w often is thi^ enumeration to be taken f 

'ii. Bow was the ^m/mher of represenU.itite* limited t 
M. What did u provide in itie cae of a mate 7iot haxing ihe re>jui«it4 
•■i^nber of inJuib iUi nts t 
>4. What is thepresent number of representativesT Ans. 2S8. 

Clause IV. " When vacancies happen in the representauvyn 



194: THE CONSIITCTION OF THB 



from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue 
writs of election fo fill such vacancies." 

25. Uow arc vacancies in the representation of a State JlUed t 

Clause V. " The House of Representatives shall choose 
their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole 
power of impeacliraent." 

26. What officers doe/i the House of Representatives choose f 

27. What power helongs enccltinively to itf 

28. MTiat is '■" impeachvientV Ans. An accusation brought against aa 
otticer for inaladministralion in office. 

29. By whom are im^/eachmeiitH tried t Ans. The Senate. 

Section III. Senate. 

Clause I. " The Senate of the United States shall be com- 
posed of two senators fi'om each State, chosen by the legisla- 
ture thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have cue 
vote." 

80. ITow mani/ members compose the Senate f 

81. Bi/ trhom are they chosen, and for what ti/tne f 

32. \Vhat is the diference in the mode of electing senators and repr»- 
tentatives t See Clause I. Sec. II. 

83. Dow do the senators vote t 

Clause II. " Immediately after they shall be assembled in 
consequence of the first election, they shall be divided, a.s 
equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the sen- 
ators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the 
second year ; of the second class at tlie expiration of the 
fourtii year ; and of the third class, at the expu^ation of the 
sixth year ; so that one-third may be chosen every second 
year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, 
during the recess of the legislature of any State, the executive 
thereof may make temporary appointments until the next 
meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies." 

84. Into how many classes toas the Senate divided f 
86. Jn what order did they vacate their seats f 

86. Vf7/j/ was this divii<ion, deemed necessary f 

87. l/ow are racanci'es in theSenatejUled w/un they happen during tA4 
recess of the ic'jidature of any State f 

Ci^DSE III. " No person shall be a senator who shall not 
have atUuued to the age of thirty years, and been nme years 
a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, 
be an iuhabilant of that State for which he shall be chosen." 

40, v>--it mi"'t he the age ofeoery senator / 



CNITSD STATE3 OF AMERICA. 195 



I 



<4. flow long mutt he have been a citietn qfth* United Sttte* t 
4S. Where mitythe refiide at the time of election f 

45. Compare the qualificatiofis of genatora and representatives. 

Clause IV. " The Vice-President of the "CTnited States shaU 
be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless thej 
be equally divided." 

44. Who U Prem'Jentofthe Senate f 

46. Under what circu'matancei U he entitled to vote T 

Clause V. '•' The Senate shall choose their other officere, 
and also a President pro tempore^ in the absence of the Vice- 
President, or when he shall exercise the office of President 
of the United States." 

46. What officers Tuis the Senate power to choose T 

47. W^ien does it chooee a President ^ pro t-em^pore T' 

Clause VI. " The Senate shall have the sole power to try 
all impeachments. "When sitting for that purpose, they shall 
be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United 
States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside ; and no person 
shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of 
the members present." 

48. W^iOt poxrer belongs exclu*itely to the Senate t 

49. WJun trying impeachmenta, how does their sitting difer from tKtAr 
u^ual mode of proceeding f 

50. Who preauleH when the PrenderU of the United States is on trial f 
5L W/iut is necessary to concictton T 

Clause VII, " Judgment in cases of impeachment sha'l 
not extend further than to removal from office, and disquaiil:- 
cation to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit, 
under the United States ; but the party convicted shall, never- 
Uieless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, 
and punishment, according to law." 

52. ff</wfar does judgment, in cases of impeachmf^t^ ertendt 
58. la the convicted party liable to further proceedings J 

Sectiox IV. Both, Houses. 

Clause L " The times, places, and manner of holding elec- 
Don? for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed m 
e*ch State by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may 
ftt any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except a? 
to the places of choosing senators." 

54. In Vie elections for senators and repreteniatices, what power i* Icdg^ 
in ttu. legislature of each State T 
hit. Wiuit power is »iiU given to Congress t 

15 



196 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE 

Clause II. " The Congress shall assemble at least once in 
every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Mondaj 
in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different 
day." 

56. TTow often m iiM Congress meet t 

57. \V:.at is the day designated t 

58. Wfiat protiidon is made for changing the day f 

Section V. 77ie Rouses separately. 
Clause I. " Each House shall be the judge of the electioDSj 
returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority 
of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a siuallei 
number may adjourn from day to day, and may be author- 
ized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such 
manner, and under such penalties, as each House may pro- 
vide." 

89. 0/what shall each TTouae he the judge T 

60. What portion constitutes a quorum} 

61. What is a quorumi Ans. A uumber legally sufficient to do busintM. 

62. What power has a nu7nber smaller than a majority of the whole T 

Clause II. " Each House may determine the rules of its 
proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, 
with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a memb- " 

68. Row are the rules of each Rouse dete-iinined t 

64. Row can eacJi Rouse maintain order? 

Clause HI. " Each House shall keep a journal of its pro- 
ceedings, and, from time to time, publish the same, excepting 
such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy ; and 
the yeas and nays of the members of either House, on any 
question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be 
entered on the journal." 

65. Row is Congress compelled to m,ake public its proceedings T 

66. May any part of the journal be kept from the public f 

67. Row are inembers made responnUilefor their oificial act<>T 

68. In tvhat way do the Yeas and Nays effect thisT A7is. Becaas* th* 
fcauies of iLe members ami their votes are recorded, ami not merel/ the num- 
b<!r of votes for and againut a measure. 

Clause IV. " Neither House, during the session of Con- 
gress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more 
than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the 
I. wo Houses shall be sitting." 

69. tt^iat restrictions are put on the poicer of adjourning T 

70. For' what length of time can each Rouse adjourn wi^out the content 
nftA4 other f 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 197 

Section YI. Privileges and Disabilities of Members. 

Olause I. '' The senators and representatives snail receive 
a compensation for their semces, to be ascertained by law, 
'and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They 
shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the 
peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the 
session of their respective Houses, and in going to, and re- 
turning from, the same ; and for any speech or debate in either 
House, they shall not be questioned in any other place." 

71. How are Ttiembers compensated for their service.'^ f 

72. What special privileges are conferred on inemherx T 

73. WTiat three eicceptioiia to thU privilege are stated? 

74. Haw is freedom of speech secrtredt 

75. IIoiD is the abuse of thus freedom guarded against f Ans. Aj ae- 
e^untability to the House. 

Clause IL " No senator or representative shall, during the 
lime for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil of- 
fice under the authority of the United States, which shall have 
been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been in- 
creased, during such time ; and no person, holding any of- 
tice under the United States, shall be a member of either 
House during his continuance in office." 

76. To what oMces are members of Congress ineligible f 

77. Can menwers be appointed to o^ffices alreadij existing f 

78. Can perf^ons holding office become members of either House t 

79. WTiat is the objett of these regulations f Ann. To prevent corrupts o» 
and other abuse of privilege. 

Section YH. Mode of Passing Laws. 

Clause I. " A.11 bills for raising revenue shall originate in 
the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose 
or concur with amendments, as on other bills." 

80. Where mufit all bills for raising reveniie originate f 

81. JJas the Seniite any power over such bills f 

Clause II. " Every bill which shall have passed the House 
of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a 
law, be presented to the President of the United States ; if 
he approve, he siiall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with 
hia objections, to that House in which it shall have originated, 
who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and 
proceed to reconsider \t. If, after such reconsideration, twu- 
thirds of that Plouse shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be 
Scut, together with the objections, to the other House, bj 



198 THB CONSTITUTION OF THE 



wrhich it shall likew'se be reconsidered, and, if approved by 
two-thirds of that Pouse, it shall become a law. But in all 
nich cases the vote^ of both Houses shall be determined by 
yeas and nays, anr^ the names of the persons voting for anci. 
against the bill sh»il be entered on the journal of each House, 
respectively. If nny bill shall not be returned by the Presi- 
dent within ten '^uys (Sundays excepted) after it shall have 
been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like man- 
ner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their ad- 
journment, pre-vent its return, in which case it shall not be a 
law." 

82. What Tfust 7)« done 'with a Mil after it hax ptix^ed both Houses f 

83. Cdn out IToune pass a bill over the Presidents veto f 

84. What portion of both IToiMea is neceftftary to pam a bill f 

85. In what way miist the vote of the Jiiembi'rs he reconled ? 

8«J. If the Pre.ti(lent shall neither sign the bill nor return it within ten 
days, uihat happens? 

87. What exception, is there '4} t/its f 

88. What is the object of the veto power t Ans. To guard ag&lnst Incon- 
nlderate or hasty legislation. 

89. Show from, the above clanf>e ho^o the veto is limited. 

9t). IIow can a bill becot/ie a laic withoiU the signature of ths President t 

Clause III. " Every order, resolution, or vote, to which 
the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives 
may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), 
shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and 
before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, 
or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds 
of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the 
rules and limitations proscribed in the case of a bill." 

91. To what other matters is the veto poicer e-irtended f 

92. Over what question has the Presideiit no pmoer t 

93. What is the object of this T Aiis. To guard the independence of Coj- 
^esa against the power of the executive. 

Section Yin. Powers granted to Congress. 

Clause I. Congress shall have power : " To lay and col- 
lect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts an ! 
provide for the common defense and general welfare of Lh<«- 
United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be 
uniform throughout the United States." 

94. What power is given to Congress nnder Clause I. Soo. VTJf. ^ 

96. Wiat are taxes f Ans. All contributions imposed by govornnieiDt oa 
'ndivlduala for the service of the State. 

96. How may t<ixe6 bo divided f Ans. Into diroot and indirect. 

97. Wkai ere direc taxes? Ans. Taxes .>ii iiursons or their piopeiti. 



UNITED STATES 01 AMERICA. 199 



98. What are indirect taxes f Ana. Every other method of taieing rer 
enue, whether by duties, iujposts, excises, etc., is called indirect. 

99. What are duties T Ann. Taxes on goods imported or exported. 

100. What «"«• imposts f A ns. Taxes on goods imported. 

101. What are e^rcisea t Ans. Taxes on goods manufactured. 

102. Can one Slate be taxed more than another? 

Clause II. Congress shall have power : " To borrow money 
on the credit of the United States." 

108. In what way can Congress borrow money f 

104. Ti'hy is this power given f Ans. Because the immediate revenue msy 
But bo sufficient in cases of great emergency, such as war or national calaui 
ity. 

Clause III. Congress shall have power: " To regulate com- 
merce with foreign nations, and among the several States, 
and with the Indian tribes." 

105. What potcer has Congress to regidate commerce? 

106. Why is this poioer not left to the several States t Ans. Because their 
rival interests would interfere with its progress. 

Clause IV. Congress shall have power : " To establish a 
uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the sub- 
ject of bankruptcies, throughout the United Stiites." 

107. Who has power to frame a rule of naturalisaUon ? 

108. Wliat is meant by naturalUiation t Ans. Giving foreigners the rigl.t* 
of citiienship. 

109. WJiy should the rule be uniform f Ans. Without this, one State 
might, by shortening the time, invade the privileges of the rest. 

110. '\i7iat is the ti9ne Jki-ed by law T Aiui. Five years. 

11 i. i/<w Congress ever luted the po^er to frame a bankrupt law T Anx. 
it has twice; once in tbo year 1810, and again in 1302. Both laws are re- 
pealed. 

Clause Y. Congress shall have power : '' To coin money, 
regulate the value thereof, and of tbreign coin, and fix the 
standard of Aveights and measures." 

112. What power is given to Co7igre^s under clause V. ? 

il3. W7iy IS the power of coining money and reguUiting the standard o 
weights and measure.% given to Congress? Ans. ik-cause if left to the sev 
eral States, there would be no uniformity, and the greatest disturbance it 
trade would ensue. 

Clause VI. Congress shall have power: "To provide foi 
the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current 
coin of the United States." 

114. Wliat power was therefore granted by Clause VI. ? 

Ci-ause VII. Congress shall have power : " To establisb 
post offices and post roads." 

115. \^Tu> has the poicrr to establish post offices and post roads t 

15* 



200 THE CONSTITUTION OF THl 



116. Why wan this not left, to each State f Ana. Because th« getf^rftl pn» 
wninent can alone secure prompt and regular postal arrangements tiu<»ugtt 
•at the entire country. 

Clause YIII. Congress shall have power : " To promote 
the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for lim- 
ited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to 
their respective writings and discoveries." 

117. How can Congrean promote science and the useful art«f 
lis. Wkat rifjht is granted to authors f Ati-s. A copyright. 

119. How long docH a copyright extend t Ans. For a period of fourtee* 
fears, with the privilege of renewal for the same time. 

120. What right is granted to inventors t Ann, A patent. 

121. What does this secure to themt .4 »«. The exclusive right to m&nu 
^acture and sell any machine invented by them for fourteen years. 

Clause IX. Congi-ess shall have power : " To constitute 
tribunal" inferior to the Supreme Court." 

122. Wfiat power to establish courts is given to Congress f 

Clause X. Congress shall have power : " To define and 
punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, anJ 
offenses against the law of nations." 

123. Who punishes crimes committed on the high seas f 

124. What is meant by the high seas f Ans. The ocean beyond low w»t« 
mark. 

125. What is piracy T Ans. Eobbery at sea. 

Clause XL Congress shall have power : " To declare war, 
grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules con- 
cerning captures on land and water." 

126. Recite what power is given to Congress in Clttuse XI. 

127. What are letters of marque and reprisal T A n«. Commissions grant**! 
to private individuals to capture at sea the property of the subjects of foreinn 
nations. 

12S. W?ien are they generally issued f Ans. In time of war. 

Clause XII. Congress shall have power : " To raise an(? 
support armies ; but no appropriation of money to that u?e 
ihall be for a longer term than two years." 

129. With whom is left the raising and surpporting of armies f 

18<». What legi-diition is necessary to disband the army f 

-.81. I'or what length of time art appropriations for the support nf tfu 

»rmy made f 
18y. Why is the time limited to two years t Ant. Because the peonir 

Justl)' '-land in fea- of a standing army, ami their rights need to bo carefolly 

(tAI led. 



( 



UNITBD STATES OF AMERICA. 201 



Clause XITI. Congress shall have power: " To provide ard 
(uaintain a navy." 
183. WTiat power is left to Congress over the n(wy t 

Clause XIY. Congress shall have power : " To make niles 
for the government and regulation of the land and naval 
forces." 
1S4. Wiat power is given in CUiuse XI V. f 

Clause XV. Congress shall have power : " To provide for 
calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, 
suppress insurrections, and repel invasions."- 

135. When can Congress call out the militia f 

136. What is the advantage of this T Ana. It does away with the necewity 
of maintaining a large standing army. 

Clause XVI. Congress shall have power : " To provide for 
organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for gov- 
ernmg such part of them as may be employed in the service 
of the United States; reserving to tiie States respectively, 
the appointment of tlie officers, and the authority of training 
the militia, according to the discipUne prescribed by Congress." 

87. What urther power is given to Congress over the militia f 
138. What power is left to the States respectively t 

Clause XVII. Congress shall liave power ; " To exercise 
exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district 
(not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of par- 
ticular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the 
seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise 
like authority over all places, purchased by the consent of the 
legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the 
erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and othei 
needful buildings." 

189. Over what extent of tsrritory, and under what limiiation, sfuiU 
Congrttit have eoKiusi^e )wrisdicMont 

140. What is providid in respect to forts, arsenals, etc, T 

141. What consent is necessary to such atUhority t 

Clause XVIII. Congress shall have power : " To make &it 
laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into 
execution the foregomg powers, and all other powers vested 
Dy this Constitution in the Government of the United States 
or in any department or officer thereof." 

142 miat general powers cfleginUition are given U> Congress T 



202 THE CONSTITUTION OF THF 



Section IX. Povxrs denied to the United States. 

Clause I. " The migration or importatioa of such persoiw 
as any of the States, now existing, shall think proper to ad- 
nii-t, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year 
one tliousand eight hundred and eight ; but a tax or duty may 
be imposed on such importation not exceeding ten dollars for 
each person." 

143. To what action was Congrest restn^Ud by this clause in regard to 
fhe aholition of the African slave trade f 

144. When did Congress prohibit the importation of slaves T An*. At the 
earliest date allowed by the Constitution — .January Ist, 1808. 

145. What could Congress impose pretrious to that time t 

Clause II. " The privilege of the writ of habeas corpns shall 
not be suspended unless when, in cases of rebellion or inva- 
sion, the pubUc safety may require it." 

146. W?ien only can the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be sus- 
pended T 

147. What is the writ of habeas corpus ? Ans. The writ of Jutbeas corpus 
is a written order directed to an officer, requiring him to bring forth tha body 
of the prisoner from confinement, and give hiui an immediate hearing before 
a jadg« or magistrate. 

148. What protection does this right give T Ann, It furnishes the poorest 
citizen & security against illegal imprisonment. 

Clause III. " No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, 
shall be passed." 

149. What is provided in regard to bills of attainder ^ or em post facUt 
laws t 

150. What is a bill of attainder T Ans. A bill passed by the legislature, 
by which a person is convicted of treason or felony, and punished for the 
(<fttne, without a regular trial. 

151. What is an ex post facto law J It is a law, by which an act pre 
/lously done, may be punished as a crime, although there was no law against 
fche deed when it was done. 

Clause IV. " No capitation or other direct tax, shall bs 
laid, unless in proportion to the ceiisvs or enumeration, berelc 
before directed to be taken." 

152. What is ordered in respect to capitation, or tJirect taxes f 

153. What is a capitation tax f Ans' A t»s on irdi viduals. 

Clause V. " No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex« 
^>orted from any State. No preference shall be given, by any 
regulation of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one State 
over tliose of another ; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, 
one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties, io au- 

•»tJiCT. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 203 



?V Can Congress impose a tax on goads carried from oi.« State to an 
9th4rf 
IW. Can preference he given to the port-t of one State more than another T 
166. What is «aid about vessels bound to or from any State T 

Clause VI, " No money shall be drawu from the treasury, 
but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a 
regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures 
of all public money shall be published, frcm time to time." 

157. In what tray Tfumt idl. mon^i/ be drawn from the treasury f 

158. How is reftponsibUity for the icse of public money secured f 

Clause VII. " No title of nobility shall be granted by tne 
United States ; and no person, holding any office of profit or 
trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, 
accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind 
whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state." 

159. What is taid with regard to iitUs of nobility f 

16(1. When only can s.,ffice.-h<Hders un Ur the United Stat«* accept prss- 
^dsfrom any king, pri/u'^, or foreign state f 

Section X. Powers denied to the States. 

Clause I. " No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, 
or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin 
money ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and 
eilver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of at- 
tainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obhgation of 
contracts, or grant any title of nobility." 

161. What powers are denied to the States in Clause T. T 

162. What is made a legal tender for the paym,ent of debts f 

163. What would be the effect, should any State exercise thei*e forbid<7en 
powers? Ans. It would conflict with the rights of the general poiverninent. 
and with the equality of the other States. 

Clause II. " No State shall, without the consent of the 
Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, ex- 
cept what may be absolutely necessary for executing it^ in- 
spection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and impoaT.% 
laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the uw 
of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws sha!! 
be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. N«> 
State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on 
tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war, in time of peace, enter 
mto any agreement or compact with another State, or with a 
foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually ''nvaiied, or m 
!tt>'H. L!:.:minent danger, as will not admit of delay." 



204 THE CONSTITUTION OP THB 



1*4. Can any State lay impotta or duties without the consent of (\n^ 
grm% f State the etcception, if any. 

1C5. What are inspection laws t Ana. Laws lequiring certain product* 
i»f the State to be approved before exportation. 

166. What is the object of such law»T Ans. To raise and keep tha niana- 
feotured articles up to a bipli standard. 

1«7. What is done with the net produce ofnuch duties T 

' 69. What other powers are denied to the States T 

lb9 When, only, can a State engage in war f 

ARTICLE II. Executive Department. 

Section I. President and Vice-Preeident 

Clause I. " The executive power shall be vested in a Presi- 
dent of the United States of America. He shall hold his of- 
fice during the term of four years, and together with the? Vice- 
President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows :" 

1 70. Of what does Article Second treat f 

171. fn whom is the executive power vested t 

172. ITow long is his term of office f 

173. WTio is chosen for th& same period f 

174. Compare the terms of office of Bepreaentatives, Senators, and Prett- 
Jent. 

Clause II. " Each State shall appoint, in such naanner as 
the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal 
to the whole number of senators and representatives, to which 
the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no senator 
or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit, 
under the United States, shall be appointed an elector." 

1^. /Tow are vhe electors appointed T 

176. To horo many electors is each State entitled f 

177. What persons can not he appointed electors f 

[Clause III. " The electors shall meet in their respective 
States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one, at 
least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with them- 
selves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted 
for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall 
sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the gov- 
ernment of the United States, directed to the President of the 
Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence 
of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the cer- 
tificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person 
having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, 
if sncli number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed ; an i if there be more than one who have such 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 205 

oaajority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House 
of Renresentatives saall immediately choose, by ballot, one of 
them for President; and if no person have a majority, then, 
from the five highest on the list, the said House shall, in like 
manner, choose the President. But in choosing the President, 
the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from 
each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose, shall 
consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, 
and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. 
In every case, afler the choice of the President, the person 
having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be 
the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more 
who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by 
ballot, the Vice-President."] 

N. B. The above clause has been repealed, and the following AmoadoMat 
<)ubstitutt'd : — 

Amendment, Article XII. 
Mode of Choosing the President and Vice-President. 

Clause I. " The electors shall meet in their respective 
States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, 
one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the 
person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the per- 
son voted for as Vice-President ; and they shall make distinct 
lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persona 
voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes foi 
each, which lists they shall sign, and certify, and transmit, 
sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, 
directed to the President of the Senate : the President of the 
Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Eep- 
reseatatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall thee 
be counted ; the person having the greatest number of votes 
for President shall be the President, if such number bo a ma- 
jority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no 
person have such majority, then, from the persons having the 
nighest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those 
voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall 
choose immediately, by ballot, the President. Bit in choosmg 
the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the repre- 
•jontatioa from each State having one vote ; a quorum tor Uiia 



206 THE COXSTITUIION OF THE 

purpose shall consist of a member or members frcm two-Chirdj 
of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be neces- 
fsary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall 
uot choose a President, whenever the right to choose shall 
devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next fol- 
lowing, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as ^ 
case of the death, or other constitutional disability, of the 
President." 

Clause II. " The person having the greatest number ot 
votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such 
number be a majority of the whole number of electors ap- 
pointed ; and if no person have a majority, then, from the two 
highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice- 
President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two- 
thirds of the whole number of senators ; a majority of the 
whole number shall be necessary to a choice." 

Clause III, " But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
the office of President, shall be eligible to that of Vice-Presi - 
dent of the United States." 

178. WTiy is the nresen', mode ofch<>o»ing i?i6 P> esid^rj and Vic6-l*reM 
det^t inserted in tke form of an amendment t Ans. Because the origint! 
ci«u8e lias beeu repealed, and this amendment substituted. 

H9. Where d<) the electors meet, and how do they vote T 

180. Uoto do they make out their ballots t 

181. Can they choose both President and Vice-President from the aanu 
State with themselves T 

182. Jn balloti7ig, what provision it made to prevent mistakes f 

183. What regulation, is made to prevent frauds f 

184. Where and to whom are the lists to he sent t 

186. What does the President of the Senate do with these T 
180. Who is declared to be Pres^ident t 

187. If there be tw c/ioice by the electors, tohat is done? 

1S8. When the electioji is tnade by the Iloicse of Representative*, kovi it 
Vie vote taken t 
IS'J. What constitutes a quorum for this purpose f 

190. Ho^c many vot«s are necessary to a choice t 

191. 7/ >^t /ong can the House defer the choice of President? 

192. If the House fails to choose before the fourth day of March foli<»oio%^ 
tcho acts as President f 

193. Who is declared to be Vice-President m Clause II. T 
194 What House chooses if no one has a majority f 

196. How many senatorial votes constitute a quorum f 

196 How many votes are necessary to a ciunce T 

If 7. W/u} are imeligible to the office of Vice-President t 

Clause IV, '• The Congress may determine the time ^f 
tLoosing the electors, and the day on which they snail give 
5i*ir vote 3 ; which day shall be the same throughout tbti 
i^uited States." 



UNITBD STATES OF AMERICA. 207 

198. How in t?i« time of chnosinff electom determined f 

IW. What ii- thin choice c<ill6dt Arm. Presidential election. 

200. Whitt is the day appointed hylawf Ans. The Tuesday after ftm 
M'jTjday of November, every fourth year. 

'201, Why in the Constitution so careful about fi/xing a uniform dap 
throughout the States t Ans. Without such a provision fraud coiild not b* 
(>r6vented. 

Clause V. "No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a 
citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of 
this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President : 
neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall 
cot have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and beea 
fourteen years a resident within the United States." 

202. What persona are elirihle to the offlce of President ? 

203. How mariy and what qualifications are necessary f 

Clause VI. " In case of the removal of the President from 
office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge 
the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall de- 
volve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law 
provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inabihtv, 
both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what of- 
ficer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act ac- 
cordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall 
be elected." 

204. Whtn does the office of President devolve on the Vice- President t 

205. What provision is made in ease of the removal, death, or ttMbiMif 
of both President and Vice-President f 

206. Has Congress passed any law providing for such a case? Ans. Is 
the year 1792 Congress enacted that in the case of removal, death, re&igu.itioD 
or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, the president of th« 
{Senate pro tempore should act as President. 

207. What officer is, by the same act, to fill the -vacancy should there ht 
no President of the Seriate pro temj)oret Atis. The Speaker of the Hou»« 
of Representatives then acts as President. 

208. For hmc long a time does either of these officers discharge the dn4ie* 
Qf Preside7it f Ajis. Only until the 4th of March following a new election 
of President, held in the usual manner, after due notice to the executive of 
•very State. 

Clause VII. " The President shall, at stated times, recei^ e» 
for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be in- 
creased noi diminished during the period for which he shall 
have been elected, and he shall not receive within that pe- 
riod, any other emolument from the United States, or any of 
them." 

*J9 Wkiit it provided in regard to the compensation of the Pra*id«»A t 

16 



208 THE CONSTITUTION OF THfl 



210. Whitt is his salary f An-s. 25,000 dollars per annam, with the bm el 
Ji© rresidential mansion an<i its furniture. 

2i 1 . Can he receive any other emolument f 

'I\'i. What istheaalary of the Viee-Freaidentt Ana. SjOOO dolUr* p<« 
oanuin. 

Clauses VIII. and IX. " Before he enter on the executfoD 

of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : 
'* I do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I will faithfully execute 
the office of President of the United States, and will, to the 
oest of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Consti- 
tution of the United States.' " 

il8. Repeat the oath or affirmation to he taken by the President be/ort 
hd tnters on the duties of his office. 

Section II. Powers of the President. 

Clause I. " The President shall be commander-in-chief of 
the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia 
of the several States, when called into the actual service of 
the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, 
of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, 
upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective of- 
fices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons 
for offiinses against the United States, except in cases of im- 
peachment." 

214. Of what is the President made commander-in-chief t 
§15. "^h^n has he equal power over the militia of the States f 
216. What may A« require from the heads of departments t 
tl7. What pardoning power hat th* President f 

Clause II. He (the President) shall have power, by and 
with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties*, 
provided two- thirds of the senators pj-esent concur; and he 
tihall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of 
the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers, 
and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other offi- 
cers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein 
otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; 
but the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such 
inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President aloa«, 
lu the c«urts of law, or in the heads of departments." 

318. In whose hands is the treaty-making power f 

819. In what way is its eofercise limited f 

Ifll. Wiat oncers does the President appoint f 

f4i. What limitation, ia there to the appoitUirig /><•*?«)*" f 



I 



UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 209 



822. Is there any provision for r&movalfrom offlce of persons tJvu* ap- 
poinUd f Ans, There is none. 
5S2&, Who eoMrcises the power T Ana. The President 

Clause III. "The President shall have power to fill up all 
facancies that may happen, during the recess of the Senate, 
by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of 
their next session." 

224. Row are vacancies Jllled f 

226. When do commissione so granted ewpire t 

Section III. IhUies of the President. 

" He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress infor- 
mation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their 
consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and 
expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both 
Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement be- 
tween them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may 
adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he sha) 
receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take 
care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commisaion 
all the officers of the United States." 

226. What are the Presidents commwiicationn to Congress called f Ant 
The President's messagea. 

227. W?)at is he in these messages required to do f 

228. When can fie call both Houses, or either of them, together f 

229. What power has he in case of disagreement between the Souses v>tiA 
respect to adjouj'nment f 

230. What is the Presidents power in regard to tfie laws f 
281. Fromfh whom do all officers receive their cotntnissions t 

Section IV. Impeachment of the President. 

" The President, Vice-President^ and all civil officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office, on impeachment 
tor, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high Crimea 
and misdemeanors." 

232. What officers are liable to impeach/ment f 

283. What are the offenses no/med t 

284 What is the punishment on conviction T 

ARTICLE III. Judicial Department. 

SirOTiON I. United <S^<;<e5 Courts 

" The judicial power of the United l^tates shall be vested 
in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Gon • 



210 THB CONSTITUTION OP THB 



gres3 may, from time to time, ordain and establish Tlw 
judges, both of the Supreme and infeiior courts, shall hold 
tljcir offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, 
receive for their services a compensation, which shall not bo 
diminiahed during their continuance in office." 

285. Of what doen Article III. treat t 

286. Jn what is the judicial pawer Tested f 

287. ffow are thcjudgef< appointed t 

288. F9r what length of time do they hold o^ce T 

289. Can a judged s salary be diminished f 

210. What iriferior courts hav(t been eetaMished by Congres»T A%». 
Nine circuit and forty-two district courts. 

241. £)/ whom are theiudgea of these inferior courts appointed t An*. 
Bff tb« President. 

Section II. Jurisdidicfn of the United States Courts. 

Clause I. " The judicial power shall extend to all cases, \v 
law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of 
the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, 
under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, othei 
public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and 
maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United 
States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more 
States, between a State and citizens of another State, between 
citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State, 
claiming lands under grants of different States, and between 
a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or 
subjects." 

242. state the first class of cases over wJiich the Judicial powar eauUnd*; 
Vm second; the third; tlie fourth. 

24.3. Recite the last f/ve classes of controversies under the jurisdiction of 
the United States court-'*. 

244 What portion of tlie preceding clause was amended in the Artiolt 
JT/., Amendments, introduced heloiot Ans. That in which a suit ia j>er 
mitted to be brouj^ht against a State by a private citizen. 

Amendment, Article XI. 

" The judicial power of the United States shall not be cod- 
•txued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced oi 
prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of au- 
other State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State." 

245. now is the judicial power limited in this amendment T 

Clause II. " In all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- 
lic ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State shall be 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 211 



a party, the Supreme Oourt shall have original jurisdictioQ. 
lu all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court 
shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fiict, with 
eucb exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress 
8hail make." 

246. W/iat t/ico kinds of jurisdiction has the Supreme Court t 

247. In what cases has it original jurisiHcUo/t f 

24S. What ifi orii/inal jurisdiction f Atis. A court has origiual jurisdle- 
ISon when a suit coinincuces in such court. 

249. What is appellate jurisdiction f Ana. The trial of cases carried ap 
from a lower court on ai>peal. 

250. Over what has the Court appellate jurisdiction f 

Clause III. " The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im- 
peachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held m 
the State where the said cr.mes shall have been committed, 
but when not committed within any State, the trial sliuU be 
at such place, or places, as the Congress may by law i)av« 
du-ected." 

261. Whaii» said of the trial of all crimes, except in cases of ii ptanJ • 
tneni t 

252. Wli^re must the trial be held? 

253. W?iere are crimes to be tried when not committed within th^ furi* 
diction of a State t 

Section III. Treaaon. 

Clause I. " Treason against the United States shall consist 
only in levying w^ar against them, or in adhering to their ene- 
mies, giving them aid aud comfort. No person shall be con- 
victed of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to 
the same overt act, or on confession in open court." 

254. In what does treason against the United States consist t 
266. In what way can a person be convicted of treason f 

Clause II. " The Congress shall have power to declare th« 
punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work 
corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of ti le 
person attainted." 

256. Who has po^cer to deilare the punishment of treason f 

257. What is attainder of treason f Ans. Such con--equences of convie 
lion of treason as lorfeiture of estate, corruption of blood, and loss of civL 
rights. 

'258. What is corruption of blood ? Ans. It is the exti-nction of the iahpr* 
liable quality of a person's blood, so that he can D«ither inherit any estsf 
aor transmit it to ©thers by descent 

259. How far may tibt estate of a traitor be forfeited t 

260. What has Con^-em declared the punishment of treas(>nT >i«»a, 
Dt'Etli by hanging. 

IG* 



212 THK CONSTITUTION OF THl 



• —■ «» —^^ 



ARTICLE IV. 

Section I. State Records. 

" Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to th« 
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings, of every other 
ctate. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the 
manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings, shall be 
9roved. and the effect thereof." 

261. Whdt is declared oft?is public acta^ ito., of each State T 

262. What does Congress prescribe in regarU to tfit/m T 

Section XL Privileges of Oitizem, etc. 

Clause I. " The citizens of each State shall be entitled to 
all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States." 
268. Wliat privileges do the citizens of each State enjoy f 

Clause II. " A person charged in any State with treason, 
felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be 
found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive au- 
thority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to 
be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime." 

264 What formality must be observed in reclaiming fugitives from jut- 
tice found in another State T 

Clause III. " No person held to service or labor in one 
State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in 
consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged 
from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim 
of the party to whom such service of labor may be due."' 

265. Can a person held to service or labor in one State be freed from 
either by the laws of another State? 
'/•<j6. What is provided for their delivery T 

Section III. New States and Territories. 

Clause I. " New States may be admitted by the Congrcsi 
uito this Union ; but no new State shall be formed, or erected, 
within the jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be 
formed, by the junction of two or more States, or parta of 
States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States 
ixjncempd, as well as of the Congress." 

267. What provision is m,ade for the admission of new States t 
868 Can a State befoi^med toithin the limits of another Stutet 
«49 Van two or more State* join to form a new State t 



i 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 213 



Clause II, " The Congress shall have power to dispose of 
and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the ter 
ritory, or other property, belonging to the United States ; and 
nothing in this Constitution snail be so construed as to preju- 
dice any claims of the United States, or of any particular 
State." ^ 

870. What power has Congrefts over th« territoHeo t 
§71. What restriction is there to this power f 

Section IV. Guarantee to the States. 

*' The United States shall guaranty to every State in thia 
"baion a republican form of government, and shall protect each 
of them against invasion ; and, on application of the legisla- 
ture, or of the executive (when the legislature can not be con- 
vened), against domestic violence." 

272. What form of government and what protection do«a the Untied 
St^itee guarantee to every State in the Union t 

273. When is a State to be protected against domestic violence t 



ARTICLE V. Power of Ame]st>m:ent 

" The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall 
deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Consti- 
tution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds 
of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing 
amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents 
and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by 
the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by 
Oonventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other 
mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; pro- 
vided, that no amendment, which may be made pi'ior to thi 
year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall, in any 
manner, affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth sectioE 
ol the first arucle ; and that no State, without its constsu^ 
ahail be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate." 

tlA. When shall OongresH propose amendments to t?i6 Constittttionf 

275 In what other tcay may they be proposed f 

276. In howmaiiy ways may nm,endments be ratified f 

277. Wltat force has an amendment thus ratified t 

27S What restriction is there to the power ofainendmeKi * 
27S Give the clauses which are referred to here 1 



214 THB CONSTITUTION. 



ARTICLE VI. Public Debt, Supremacy of thx 
Constitution, Oath of Office, Religious Test. 

Clause I. " All debts contracted, and engagements entere<J 
:nto, before the adoption of this CoastiLutioa, shall bo as valid 
against the United States, under this Constitution, as under 
the Confederation." 
880. Repeat the clauses regarding the public debt. 

Clause II. " This Constitution, and the laws of the United 
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all 
treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of 
the United States, shall be the supreme kw of the land ; and 
the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing 
in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary not- 
withstanding." 

28L JiTiat is the supreme law of the land f 
882. How are the judges bound f 

Clause III. " The senators and representatives before 
mentioned, and the members of the several State legislatures, 
and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United 
States, and of the several States, shall be bound, by oath or 
affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no reUgious test 
shall ever be required as a quaUfication to any office or public 
trust under the United States." 

833. W/io are bound by oath or affirmation to support the ConttituUoH f 
284 What is said toith regard to reUgious tents t 



ARTICLE VII. Ratification o*' the Consti- 
tution. 

" The ratification of the conventions of nine State.*^ shall hc' 
sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution betw^xw. 
tiie States so ratifying the same." 

886. If /trt< teas nefessnry to establish the Constitution t \ 

iM. Was it to be biniing on those tilatei not ratting U f 



4]ktENDMBNIS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

281 Why were t7te first ten articles of the amendment» made f At.ji. Sa 
cause much dissatisfaction with the Constitution was expressed in the Con- 
ventions of the States called to ratify it. 

288. What was the cause of this dissatisfaction f Ans. The feeling soomed 
io prevail that the rights of the people were not sufficiently guarded. 

289. In what way are the first te7i articles to be considered'^ Ans. Asa 
Declaration of Rights belonging to the people, which rights can not hn 
abridged or taken away by the National or State governments. 

290. Whemoere these ten amendment'^ profjosed ? Ans. As early as the 
vear 17S9, during the sitting of the first Congress under the Constitution. 

291. When did they become a part of the Constitittion f A7is. On ti)e irrth 
of December, 1791, by the ratification of three-fourths of the States. 

292. When was the eleventh amendment proposed, and when adopted 
into the Constitution f Ans. It was proposed by Congress March 5th, 1794 
and adopted by the Corvstitutional number of States, January 8th, 1798. 

293. When was the twelfth amendment proposed, and. xchen adopted t 
Ans. It was proposed December 12th, 1303, and adopted by the States in tho 
year 1804 

ARTICLE L Freedom of Religion, etc. 

" Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment 
of religion, or prohibiting tlie free exercise thereof, or abridg- 
ing the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the 
people jjeaceably to assemble, and to petition the government 
for a redress of £;rievances." 

294. Wfuvt 18 the first declaration in reference to religion t 

295. How is freedom of the speech and the press guarded ? 

296. Wfiatis said of the rights of assembling and of petition t 

ARTICLE II. RiaHT TO bear Arms. 

" A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security 
of a free State, the right of the people to keep auJ bear 
arms shall not be infringed." 

207. What is declared necessary to the security ofafree State T 

298. What right is secured to the people t 

299. What does this article do away witfit Ans. Tho necessity of mais 
Uinlng a large standing army. 

8<)0. Why is a large standing army to be feared f Ans. Because it nii|:U 
b% need to take away the liberties of the people. 

ARTICLE IIL Quartering Soldiers on Citizens. 

"No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
iiouse, without the consent of the owner ; nor, in time of w;;'^ 
but in a manner to be prescribed by law." 



216 THE CONSTTTUTTON OP THE 



^l. What in provided in respect to quart^ri/ng soldiers on eUitene f 

ARTICLE IV. Search Warrants. 

" The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and 
seizures, shf.ll not be violated ; and no -warrants shall issue, 
but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and 
particularly describing the place to be searched, and the per- 
sons or things to be seized." 

802. What is, in Article IV., declared inviolable T 
%(y\ On what condition can warrants ♦.■.'*?/« f 

ARTICLE T. Trial for Crime, etc. 

•* N"o person shall be held to answer for a capital, or other- 
wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment 
of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval 
forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war 
or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject, for the 
same offense, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or Kmb ; 
nor shall be compelled in any criminal case, to be a witness 
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, 
without due process of law; nor shall private property be 
taken for public use, without just compensation. 

804. What process is necessary he/ore a person can he tried for a cn/pi' 
tal, or other wi-se infamous crime? 

305. What is a grand jn,ry? Ans. A body of men, consisting of not lew 
than twelve, nor more than twenty-three, whose duty it is to hear aocuHR- 
tions afi;ainst offenders, and if ihey think that these are sustained, to find 
bills of indictment against the accused. 

306. What is a bill of indictmemt f Ans. A written accusation of a crimo 
preferred to a court by a grand juiy under oath. 

307. What caxes are ea-cepted in this article t 

808. Can a person he t/icice tried for the same offense f 

.809. /■"* a person in a criminal case compelled to tesfifi/ against himittlff 

810. What are the last ttco provisions in this article f 

ARTICLE VI. Rights op Aocushd Persons, 

•* in ali criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the 
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the 
State and district wherein the crime shall have been com 
mitted, which district shall have been previously ascertained 
by law ; and to be informed of the nature and cause of the 
accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against 
him ; to have compulsory proce.ss for obtaining witnesses in 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 217 

big favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for the d« 

fense." 

811. To what right shall the aocuted in all criminal pro96cwtion» hd e 
HUedt 

812. Where must the trial be held T 

813. Ofv»hat rmist he he inf<i''iiied T 

SI 4. What right has he in regard to the wiUiesses against him f 
•315. What privilege has he for oibtainiiig wit/nesses in his favor f 

816. What are his ri^'hts in respect to counsel ? 

ARTICLE VIL . Suits at Common Law. 

" In suits at common law, where the value in controveraj 
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be 
preserved ; and no fact, tried by a jury, shall be otherwise 
re-examined in any court of the United States, than accord- 
ing to the rules of the common law." 

817. How far does the right of trial by jury extend in suits at v^mmon 
law? 

818. What is provided toith regard to the re-eataminaUon of facts tri«d 
fcy a jm-y T 

ARTICLE YIII. ExoEssrvB Bail. 

" Excessive bail shaU not be required, nor excessive fiues 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted." 

819. What three things are expressly prohibited by Article VlJI.t 

ARTICLE IX. 

" The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights sh&U 
not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the 
people." 

8'iO. Repeat Article IX. 

821. Is it to be understood that the previous articles tmbraae aii UU 
rights of the people f 

ARTICLE X 

" The powers not granted to the United States by tiw? 
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved 
to the States respectively, or to the people." 

622. What r«acrvatU/n is made in Article X. f 

ARTICLE XI. 

" The ju'licial power of the United States shall not be yre: 
rtrued to extend to any suit in law or equity, comraenoed o* 



218 THR CONSTITUTION OP TUB 



prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens rsf 
Another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State." 

N. B. This arttclo has been already treated of, ander the head of the J a 
diolary, page ITS. 

ARTICLE XII. 
Mode of Ohoosing the President and Vice-President. 

Clause I. " The electors shall meet in their respective 
Statea, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, 
one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the 
person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the per- 
son voted for as Vice-Presiden*,; and they shall make distinct 
lists of all persons voted for a.i Pre<*ident, and of pU persons 
voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of i^otes fo^^- 
each, which lists they shall sign, and certify, and transmit 
sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, 
directed to the President of the Senate : the President of the 
Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then 
be counted ; the person having the greatest number of votes 
for President, shall be the President, if such number be a ma- 
jority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no 
person have such majority, then, from the persons having the 
highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those 
yoted for as President, the House of Representatives shall 
■^hoose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing 
ihe President, the votes shall be taken by States, the repre- 
sentation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this 
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds 
of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be neces- 
sary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall 
nof ciioose a President, whenever the right to choose shall 
devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next fol- 
K)wiQg, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in 
:ase of the death, or other coustitutional disability, of the 
iVesidentJ' 

Clause II. " The person having the greatest number of 
votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if auch 
Dumber be a majority of the whole number of electors ap* 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 219 



point'ed ; and if no person have a majority, then, from the tw<3 
nigherit numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice- 
President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two- 
chirds of the whole number of senators ; a majority of the 
whole number shall be necessary to a choice." 

Clause III. "But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
the office of President, shall be eligible to that of Vice-Presi- 
dent of the United States." 

N. B. Article XII. has been previously treatef' ot, under the be^d of th« 
Execntire Department, page 174. 



ARTICLE XUL 

(Submitted by Congress to th« Legislatures of ths several Utates, Febrtt- 
iry l«f, 1865, and on the \Sth of December folloming was officially declar6>i 
V have been ratified by the requisite majoripy of three-fourth* of all tKt 

States.) 

Section 1, — Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except 
£8 a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly 
eonvicted, shall exist within the United States or any place sub 
ject to their jurisdiction. 

Section 2.— Congress shall Lave pv>wer to enforce this article 
by appropriate legislation. 

ARTICLE XIV. 

Section 1. — All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of 
the United States and of*the state wherein they reside. No 
state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge thn 
privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor 
shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property 
without due process of law, nor deny to any person within 
its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

Section 2. — Representatives shall be apportioned among 
the se'V3ral states according to their respective nimibers 
counting the whole number of persons in each state, exclud 
.ng Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any 
election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-Pre? 
ident of the United States, representatives of Congress, the 
executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the 
Leidslature thereof, is denied to any of the male members o< 



!20 OOKSTITDnON OF THE UNITED STATEH. 



eucli slate, being twenty-one yeara of age, and citizens of tke 
United States, or in any way abridged, except far participation 
in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein 
ghall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such 
male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens 
twenty-one years of age in such state. 

Section .'3. — No person shall be a senator or represen tative 
La Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, oi 
hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, oi 
under any state, who, having previously taken an oatli, as a 
member of Congress, or as an otBcer of the United States, or 
as a member of any State Legislature, or as an execu'iive or 
judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the 
United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or reoellion 
against the same, or given aid or comfort to the eaemies 
thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each 
house, remove such disability. 

Section 4. — The validity of the public debt of the United 
States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for pay- 
ment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing in- 
surrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But )3either 
the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt 
or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion 
Rgainst the United States, or any claim for the loss or emanci- 
pation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and 
claims shall be held illegal and void. 

Section 5. — The Congress shall have power to enforce by 
appropriate legislation the provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE XV. 

Section 1. — The right of the citizens of the United States 
to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or 
any state on account of race, color, or previous condition oi 
st^rvitude. 

Section 2. — The Congress shall have power to enforce by 
appropriate legislation the provisions of this &Tiicl&. 



SiHTLEMENT OF IHE DIFFERENT STATES, ETO. 



ST1.TS9. 



Wtiere settled. 



Virginia Jamestown 

N 8W York jNew York 

MasaRchusettB 1 Plymouth 

New Hampshire . . iDoTer 

New Jersey Bergen 

(Connecticut | Windso? 

Maryland |St. Mary 

Rhode Island ! Providence 

[Delaware j Wilmington 

[North Carolina . . . Albemarle 

South Carolina . ICharleston (old) 
iPennsylvania. . . JPhilailelphia . . . 

GeorjciA iSaraanah 

•Vermont IFort Dumraer . . 

I Kentucky iBooneborough. . 

!Tennt««t* I Fort Ijondon . . . 

j< <hio jAlarietta 

ilyjoiBlaob jIOt-rviHe | 

jindiana jViocennoa 

Mlfiaissippl JNRtchez . . 

! {Hlnois jKaskaskia 

; Alabama iNear Mobile. . . 



Settler*. 



Te«u-. 



English 

Dutch 

English 

English 

Dutch 

English 

English 

English 

Swedes 

English 

English 

English .... 

English 

English 

United Slates. 

English 

L'nitod Stale*. 
Froncb ... . . 
French ... 

French 

French 

French . 



York I English 

SU Gene^neve. . French 
Arkansa.s Post. 

Detroit 

8t. .Augustine. . 
Bexar 



French . 
French . 
Spanish 
Spanish 



-Maine 

■ Missouri 

I Arkansas 

JMichigan 

/Florida 

JTexas 

■Iowa j Burlington United Statwi 

I Wisconsin . il^airie du Chlen French 

lOalifomia | ISpanisfa . . j 

'Minnesota. i lUnited States. i 

jOi eg^n I I United Sutes.l 

(Kansas | lUnited Slates. 

I West VirgluiB I Formol fr. Ya. 

'.Sayftda. | United atateaj 

jNebraska ; lUnited States. I 

■Colorado i lUnited States. I 



1607 
1814 
1620 
1623 
1624 
1635 
1634 
1636 
1638 
1650 
1670 
168S 
irJ3 
1724 
1775 
1756 
17H8 
1699 
169() 
1716 
1683 
1702 
1630 
1763 
1685 
1670 
1565 
1692 
1833 



Breaata 

fitavse. 



177S 



1791 
1792 
1796 
1»02 
1812 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1836 
1(W 
1845 
!H4.i 
1844 
1847 
18^' 
1.SS5 
1§59 
isai 

ISfJf 
1876 



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